【導(dǎo)讀】論文是學(xué)術(shù)研究過程中研究與科研成果描述的信息集合，也是一種知識(shí)融會(huì)與凝結(jié)的綜合體，同時(shí)又是描述科研成果進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)交流的一種工具，而論文格式其實(shí)就是對(duì)于這一交流工具的一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化設(shè)置與要求。歡迎閱讀醫(yī)學(xué)英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的格式。
分析和研究近年來國外各類醫(yī)學(xué)刊物上的論文,雖然研究項(xiàng)目、闡述內(nèi)容以及推導(dǎo)結(jié)論等均有所不同,但是,在撰寫的方法上卻有其自身的特點(diǎn)和格式。觀察結(jié)果表明:所采用的格式有漸趨近似之傾向。其排列的項(xiàng)目和順序通常為:(1)TITLE,(2)AB-STRACT,(3)INTRODUCTION,(4)METHODS,orEQUIPMENTAND TEST(EXPERIMENT)PROCE-DURE,(5)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION,(6)CONCLUSIONS(SUMMARY),(7)ACKNOWL-EDGEMENTS,(8)REFERENCES。筆者認(rèn)為:了解、熟悉并掌握運(yùn)用這些特點(diǎn)及其編寫格式,無論對(duì)閱讀和撰寫英語論文,捕捉論著的原意,還是中英互譯等均具有頗為重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,特別是對(duì)撰寫醫(yī)學(xué)論文,具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
1、TITLE標(biāo)題
既然是標(biāo)題,不言而喻,就要力求新穎、簡明、扼要,例如以下幾個(gè)例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌腫疼痛方法的進(jìn)展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自顯影半劑量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane彌散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子與實(shí)膜過氧物酶部位所接觸的機(jī)會(huì)越多。
有些雜志,某些作者除采用正標(biāo)題之外,還采用副標(biāo)題,這種情況在國外刊物上的各類論文中可謂俯拾即是。采用副標(biāo)題,一般是在正標(biāo)題過于簡單、籠統(tǒng)的情況下,起到補(bǔ)充和系統(tǒng)說明正題等的作用,或是要強(qiáng)調(diào)某一個(gè)方面或幾個(gè)方面,以其引起讀者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用藥一系列評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)據(jù)分析(補(bǔ)充正題)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes醫(yī)學(xué)新聞:輔助性化學(xué)療法對(duì)伴有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌奏效(說明上題)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解決的問題:吸煙者患肺癌少嗎?(提醒人們注意吸煙者患肺癌的數(shù)量增加)。
有時(shí),為了避免標(biāo)題太長而使用縮寫詞。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)長效甲狀腺刺激素和長效甲狀腺刺激素保護(hù)物對(duì)人體甲狀腺甙酸環(huán)化酶活性的作用�？紤]文章較長,可在統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)題下,用不同的副標(biāo)題分成若干相對(duì)獨(dú)立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影響個(gè)人對(duì)慢性疾病適應(yīng)能力的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技術(shù)學(xué);(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭關(guān)系;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL發(fā)展水平(研究標(biāo)準(zhǔn));(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化價(jià)值和信仰。
2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)摘要、提要
這部分是對(duì)整篇文章的高度概括或濃縮,故要簡單、明了。常用的詞匯和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。運(yùn)用這些動(dòng)詞,所采用的時(shí)態(tài)通常是一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)也屢見不鮮,常見有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ;Patients with…were followed up for+時(shí)間;It is showed that… ;It is concluded that… ;Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。結(jié)尾時(shí)常用的表達(dá)方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The find-ings have general significance in that… ;This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:
Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic flu-id.The results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord serum.Antibody is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after birth.It isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA對(duì)正常人的血清、臍帶血清和羊水中的抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體進(jìn)行了測(cè)定。其結(jié)果有一定規(guī)律:抗體在胎生期首先出現(xiàn),分娩時(shí)濃度達(dá)高峰,而后隨年齡增長逐漸降至正常水平。故測(cè)定該抗體對(duì)地方克汀病之診斷有一定意義。
3、INTRODUCTION引言
本項(xiàng)除課題意義外,主要涉獵前人研究情況的評(píng)述及本研究的目的,后兩者有時(shí)分別列出。茲分述如下:
3.1、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK
以往研究評(píng)論 還有用其它題目的,例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文獻(xiàn)評(píng)述),LITERATURE CITED(文獻(xiàn)引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(過去的某些設(shè)計(jì)),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而這些資料引文的重點(diǎn)要放在引述與本文有關(guān)的以往研究的結(jié)果,否則會(huì)喧賓奪主。句式常有Sb.et al.tested(reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ;Sb found(showed…)that… .還有若干不同的其它表達(dá)方法,寫在下邊:our exper-iments show that… ;The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ;The distribution has reported by… ;Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ;This article(paper)documents… ;We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ;Our findings demon-strate… ;We reasoned that… ;The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ;The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of ASA.This might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一項(xiàng)研究分析了乙酰水揚(yáng)酸對(duì)尿毒癥第一期出血的影響,測(cè)定了出血的時(shí)間。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),同樣劑量的ASA均可延長出血時(shí)間,而尿毒癥受驗(yàn)者比對(duì)照受驗(yàn)者要多。這提示尿毒癥的血小板對(duì)ASA的抑制更具敏感性。這可能是由于ASA的藥物動(dòng)力學(xué)和生物可用性不同所致。
3.2、OBJECTIVES目的
這一條還可寫作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有時(shí)OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之內(nèi),而獨(dú)立列為一項(xiàng)。多采用開門見山,直接點(diǎn)出目的方式。常見的用語有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ;The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗圖是早期肺心病和甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)的鑒別診斷方法之一。
4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、設(shè)備和試驗(yàn)程序
這一部分內(nèi)容須視論文的類別而有所不同,但就該題目而論,則多系試驗(yàn)研究和技術(shù)報(bào)告一類。還可以用以下名稱等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(試驗(yàn)與設(shè)備),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(試驗(yàn)過程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(試驗(yàn)描述),或者只寫PROCEEDURE(過程),及METHODS(方法),較常見的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ;Sb or Sth participated in this study;或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…參加本研究的有:(a)18例無尿慢性腎衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年齡為46歲,年齡范圍為24～69歲… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的試驗(yàn)裝置由一個(gè)配有測(cè)溫傳感器和記錄器的小柜組成。
5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION結(jié)果和討論
這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是全文的重點(diǎn),其篇幅約占整個(gè)文章的一半或三分之二。它將對(duì)研究、試驗(yàn)、觀察等結(jié)果加以分析和討論,其中包括曲線、圖表和照片等。大都采用分題逐一討論的方法。常用語有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)…that… ;It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我們的結(jié)果已經(jīng)說明,T細(xì)胞缺失對(duì)預(yù)防GVHD有效。
6、CONCLUSION結(jié)論
其它的表達(dá)方法還有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小結(jié)及結(jié)論),CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(結(jié)論與建議)。常用語有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…對(duì)這類手術(shù)方法的改進(jìn)可作下述改進(jìn)…7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感謝。
這項(xiàng)的常用語是:We acknowledge with… ;Thisstudy was supported by… ,We thank…for… ;Thisstudy was supported grants from…。例:We wish tothank profeor F.J.Kezdy for his valuable suggestionsand discussions.We thank also Mrs.A.Abram for herassistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms,Be-better wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以人和單位,而前者多用于人,后者多用于單位。有時(shí),在這一項(xiàng)之后還有一行內(nèi)容:Correspondence should be addresed toL.S.F MRC Cancer Trials office,Medical ResearchCouncil Centre,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22 QH這是表示致函的地點(diǎn)和單位。
8、REFERENCES參考文獻(xiàn)
參考文獻(xiàn)的寫法有多種,但都有一定格式。無論采用哪一種,前后要一致。眾所周知,列出參考文獻(xiàn)是為了查看或查證與文章敘述或引用部分有關(guān)的資料。通常的辦法是在論文中的引用部分按出現(xiàn)的先后順序編上號(hào)碼。參考文獻(xiàn)要按號(hào)碼順序排列。每一條書目要包拓以下幾個(gè)內(nèi)容:作者姓名、書名、出版者和出版年份、頁數(shù)等。也可以不按文中引用先后編號(hào),而按作者姓氏的字母順序排列,而出版年份緊跟在姓名之后。例:
文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary tube.It is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。
如上所述,我們把參考的文獻(xiàn),按照作者的姓氏的字母排序,寫在下面:REFERENCES1.Althouse,A.D(1978)Modern Refrigeration andAir Conditioning.In Michael Wallace,et al.(eds)New Developments in Ari-coditioning.Cambridge University Press2.Black,Max(1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern Air-conditioning Engineering(ed.David G.Mandelbaum).Oxford University Press3.Nelson,C.W(1972a)Principles of Refriger-stion.New York:McGra-wHill(1972)Commercialand Industrial Refrigeration.In Science,May1972,PP.52～68,(1972b)ibid,PP.72～74注意:(1)若文章選自一本論文集,則先寫作者姓名、篇目,然后另起一句注明該文集的編輯者姓名及文集名稱。如不另起一句,中間要用逗號(hào)。ed,eds分別為editor和editors的縮寫。(2)作者姓名和書名一般不用逗號(hào)隔開。而書名和出版社之間用句號(hào)分開。每條書目的最后用逗號(hào),也可不用。(3)出版年份指的是所引出書籍或文章的印刷年份,不是第一版的出版年份。(4)P、PP分別是page和pages的縮寫,ibid意為“同上”。(5)若論文多次引出同一篇文章,則可以引文后面寫上作者的姓名和文章、書籍的出版年份,并注上頁次,前后用括號(hào)括上,如(Nelson,1972,P.123)。如果出現(xiàn)引用同一作者,同一年份的幾本著作,要在印刷年份加上a,b… ,以示區(qū)別,如(Nels on,1972a,P.123),(Nelson,1972b,PP.52～68)。
9、APPENDIX附錄、補(bǔ)遺
這一項(xiàng)包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符號(hào)及定義表),NOME NCLATURE(技術(shù)術(shù)語表),等。如何用英語撰寫醫(yī)學(xué)論文,筆者認(rèn)為,對(duì)很多作者來說,耗時(shí)最多的工作不是本文所談及的,而應(yīng)是扎扎實(shí)實(shí)地搞好平時(shí)的英語學(xué)習(xí)和閱讀;加強(qiáng)文學(xué)修養(yǎng)及本專業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)、提高和更新等。如果做好這些工作,用英語撰寫醫(yī)學(xué)論文,并且撰寫較高水平論文的問題便會(huì)迎刃而解。