犯錯(cuò)的價(jià)值
導(dǎo)語：我們每個(gè)人都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)，我們每個(gè)人都犯過錯(cuò)，可是我們是否知道犯錯(cuò)的價(jià)值呢，一起看看下面文章。
So it's 1995, I'm in college, and a friend and I go on a road trip from Providence, Rhode Island to Portland, Oregon. And you know, we're young and unemployed, so we do the whole thing on back roads through state parks and national forests -- basically the longest route we can possibly take. And somewhere in the middle of South Dakota, I turn to my friend and I ask her a question that's been bothering me for 2,000 miles. "What's up with the Chinese character I keep seeing by the side of the road?" My friend looks at me totally blankly. There's actually a gentleman in the front row who's doing a perfect imitation of her look. (Laughter) And I'm like, "You know, all the signs we keep seeing with the Chinese character on them." She just stares at me for a few moments, and then she cracks up, because she figures out what I'm talking about. And what I'm talking about is this. (Laughter) Right, the famous Chinese character for picnic area.
當(dāng)時(shí)是95年 我在上大學(xué) 我和一個(gè)朋友開車去玩 從羅得島的普羅旺斯區(qū)出發(fā) 到奧勒岡州的波特蘭市 我們年輕，無業(yè) 于是整個(gè)旅程都在鄉(xiāng)間小道 經(jīng)過州立公園 和國家保護(hù)森林 我們盡可能繞著最長(zhǎng)的路徑 在南達(dá)科塔州之中某處 我轉(zhuǎn)向我的朋友 問她一個(gè) 兩千英里路途上 一直煩惱我的問題 "路邊那個(gè)一直出現(xiàn)的中文字到底是什么?" 我的朋友露出疑惑的神情 正如現(xiàn)在坐在第一排的這三位男士 所露出的神情一樣 (笑聲) 我說"你知道的 我們一直看到的那個(gè)路牌 寫著中文的那個(gè)啊" 她瞪著我的臉一陣子 突然笑開了 因?yàn)樗偹阒牢宜笧楹?我說的是這個(gè) (笑聲) 沒錯(cuò)，這就是代表野餐區(qū)的那個(gè)中文字
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
I've spent the last five years of my life thinking about situations exactly like this -- why we sometimes misunderstand the signs around us, and how we behave when that happens, and what all of this can tell us about human nature. In other words, as you heard Chris say, I've spent the last five years thinking about being wrong. This might strike you as a strange career move, but it actually has one great advantage: no job competition. (Laughter) In fact, most of us do everything we can to avoid thinking about being wrong, or at least to avoid thinking about the possibility that we ourselves are wrong. We get it in the abstract. We all know everybody in this room makes mistakes. The human species, in general, is fallible -- okay fine.
過去的五年 我一直在思考 剛剛我所描述的狀況 為什么我們會(huì)對(duì)身邊的征兆 產(chǎn)生誤解 當(dāng)誤解發(fā)生時(shí)我們作何反應(yīng) 以及這一切所告訴我們的人性 換句話說，就像 Chris 剛才說的 過去五年的時(shí)間 我都在思考錯(cuò)誤的價(jià)值 你可能覺得這是個(gè)奇異的專業(yè) 但有一項(xiàng)好處是不容置疑的： 沒有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者。 (笑聲) 事實(shí)上，我們大部分的人 都盡力不思考錯(cuò)誤的價(jià)值 或至少避免想到我們 有可能犯錯(cuò)。 我們都知道這個(gè)模糊的概念。 我們都知道這里的每個(gè)人都曾經(jīng)犯錯(cuò) 人類本來就會(huì)犯錯(cuò) - 沒問題
But when it comes down to me, right now, to all the beliefs I hold, here in the present tense, suddenly all of this abstract appreciation of fallibility goes out the window -- and I can't actually think of anything I'm wrong about. And the thing is, the present tense is where we live. We go to meetings in the present tense; we go on family vacations in the present tense; we go to the polls and vote in the present tense. So effectively, we all kind of wind up traveling through life, trapped in this little bubble of feeling very right about everything.
一旦這個(gè)想法臨到我們自身 我們現(xiàn)在所有的 所有的信念 對(duì)人類可能犯錯(cuò)的抽象概念 隨即被我們拋棄 我無法想到我有哪里出錯(cuò) 但是，我們活在現(xiàn)在 我們開會(huì)，去家庭旅游 去投票 全都是現(xiàn)在式 我們就像現(xiàn)在一個(gè)小泡泡里 經(jīng)歷人生 感覺自己總是對(duì)的
I think this is a problem. I think it's a problem for each of us as individuals, in our personal and professional lives, and I think it's a problem for all of us collectively as a culture. So what I want to do today is, first of all, talk about why we get stuck inside this feeling of being right. And second, why it's such a problem. And finally, I want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling and that if you can do so, it is the single greatest moral, intellectual and creative leap you can make.
我認(rèn)為這是個(gè)問題 我認(rèn)為這是每個(gè)人私人生活 和職業(yè)生活中的問題 我認(rèn)為我們身為群體，這也造成了文化問題 于是，我今天想做的是 先談?wù)劄樯趺次覀儠?huì) 陷在這種自以為是的心態(tài)中 第二是為甚么這是個(gè)問題 最后我想說服大家 克服這種感覺 是可能的 而且一旦你做到了 這將成為你道德上 智性上和創(chuàng)意上最大的進(jìn)步
So why do we get stuck in this feeling of being right? One reason, actually, has to do with a feeling of being wrong. So let me ask you guys something -- or actually, let me ask you guys something, because you're right here: How does it feel -- emotionally -- how does it feel to be wrong? Dreadful. Thumbs down. Embarrassing. Okay, wonderful, great. Dreadful, thumbs down, embarrassing -- thank you, these are great answers, but they're answers to a different question. You guys are answering the question: How does it feel to realize you're wrong? (Laughter) Realizing you're wrong can feel like all of that and a lot of other things, right? I mean it can be devastating, it can be revelatory, it can actually be quite funny, like my stupid Chinese character mistake. But just being wrong doesn't feel like anything.
為甚么我們會(huì)陷在 這種自以為是的心態(tài)中? 事實(shí)上這和犯錯(cuò)的感覺有關(guān) 我想問問你們 讓我問問臺(tái)上的你們 當(dāng)你意識(shí)到自己犯錯(cuò)了 你感覺如何? 糟透了。很差勁。 難堪。很好，是的。 很糟糕，很差勁，很難堪。 謝謝你們提供這些答案 但這些答案沒有回答我的問題 你們回答的問題是： 當(dāng)你意識(shí)到你犯錯(cuò)的時(shí)候，你的感覺如何? (笑聲) 意識(shí)到你犯錯(cuò)了就會(huì)有剛剛所說的這些感覺，不是嗎? 令人沮喪，暴露了一些真實(shí) 有時(shí)候甚至有些好笑 像我誤以為路牌是中文字 但犯錯(cuò)本身 事實(shí)上毫無感覺
I'll give you an analogy. Do you remember that Loony Tunes cartoon where there's this pathetic coyote who's always chasing and never catching a roadrunner? In pretty much every episode of this cartoon, there's a moment where the coyote is chasing the roadrunner and the roadrunner runs off a cliff, which is fine -- he's a bird, he can fly. But the thing is, the coyote runs off the cliff right after him. And what's funny -- at least if you're six years old -- is that the coyote's totally fine too. He just keeps running -- right up until the moment that he looks down and realizes that he's in mid-air. That's when he falls. When we're wrong about something -- not when we realize it, but before that -- we're like that coyote after he's gone off the cliff and before he looks down. You know, we're already wrong, we're already in trouble, but we feel like we're on solid ground. So I should actually correct something I said a moment ago. It does feel like something to be wrong; it feels like being right.
讓我給你一個(gè)例子 你記得卡通里 那個(gè)總是在追逐 卻從未抓到獵物的土狼嗎? 幾乎在每一集里 牠的獵物 - 一只走鵑鳥 都會(huì)跳下懸崖 反正牠是鳥，牠可以飛 但土狼也會(huì)跟著牠一起跳崖 那很好笑 如果你是個(gè)六歲兒童 土狼也很好 牠就這么繼續(xù)跑 直到牠往下看 發(fā)現(xiàn)自己漫步在空中 這時(shí)候他才會(huì)往下掉 在我們犯錯(cuò)時(shí) 在我們意識(shí)到我們犯錯(cuò)時(shí) 我們就像那只土狼 還沒意識(shí)到自己奔出懸崖 我們已經(jīng)錯(cuò)了 已經(jīng)惹上麻煩了 但仍然感覺像走在地上 我應(yīng)該改變我之前的說法 犯錯(cuò)的感覺就和 正確的感覺一樣
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
So this is one reason, a structural reason, why we get stuck inside this feeling of rightness. I call this error blindness. Most of the time, we don't have any kind of internal cue to let us know that we're wrong about something, until it's too late. But there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well -- and this one is cultural. Think back for a moment to elementary school. You're sitting there in class, and your teacher is handing back quiz papers, and one of them looks like this. This is not mine, by the way. (Laughter) So there you are in grade school, and you know exactly what to think about the kid who got this paper. It's the dumb kid, the troublemaker, the one who never does his homework. So by the time you are nine years old, you've already learned, first of all, that people who get stuff wrong are lazy, irresponsible dimwits -- and second of all, that the way to succeed in life is to never make any mistakes.
事實(shí)上我們這種自以為對(duì)的感受 是有構(gòu)造性的原因的 我稱之為錯(cuò)誤盲點(diǎn) 大部份的時(shí)間里 我們身體里沒有任何機(jī)制 提醒我們錯(cuò)了 直到木已成舟 但還有第二個(gè)理由 文化性的理由 回想小學(xué)時(shí)代 你坐在課堂里 你的老師發(fā)回小考考卷 像這樣的小考考卷 雖然這張不是我的 (笑聲) 你從小學(xué)時(shí)代 就知道該對(duì)拿這張考卷的同學(xué) 下甚么評(píng)語 笨蛋，搗蛋鬼 從不做功課的壞學(xué)生 你不過才九歲 你已經(jīng)懂得，首先 那些犯錯(cuò)的人 都是懶惰、不負(fù)責(zé)任的傻瓜 第二 想要在人生中成功 就不要犯錯(cuò)
We learn these really bad lessons really well. And a lot of us -- and I suspect, especially a lot of us in this room -- deal with them by just becoming perfect little A students, perfectionists, over-achievers. Right, Mr. CFO, astrophysicist, ultra-marathoner? (Laughter) You're all CFO, astrophysicists, ultra-marathoners, it turns out. Okay, so fine. Except that then we freak out at the possibility that we've gotten something wrong. Because according to this, getting something wrong means there's something wrong with us. So we just insist that we're right, because it makes us feel smart and responsible and virtuous and safe.
我們很早就得到這些錯(cuò)誤訊息 而我們 尤其是這個(gè)大廳里的許多人 都因此成為好學(xué)生 拿全A 完美主義、永不滿意 不是嗎? 財(cái)務(wù)長(zhǎng)、天體物理學(xué)家、超級(jí)馬拉松先生們? (笑聲) 結(jié)果是你們?nèi)闪素?cái)務(wù)長(zhǎng)、天體物理學(xué)家、跑超級(jí)馬拉松 那很好 但一旦我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能犯錯(cuò) 就開始手足無措 因?yàn)橐勒找?guī)定 犯錯(cuò) 代表我們一定也有甚么不對(duì)勁 于是我們堅(jiān)持己見 因?yàn)槟亲屛覀兏杏X聰明、得體 安全和可靠
So let me tell you a story. A couple of years ago, a woman comes into Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center for a surgery. Beth Israel's in Boston. It's the teaching hospital for Harvard -- one of the best hospitals in the country. So this woman comes in and she's taken into the operating room. She's anesthetized, the surgeon does his thing -- stitches her back up, sends her out to the recovery room. Everything seems to have gone fine. And she wakes up, and she looks down at herself, and she says, "Why is the wrong side of my body in bandages?" Well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one. When the vice president for health care quality at Beth Israel spoke about this incident, he said something very interesting. He said, "For whatever reason, the surgeon simply felt that he was on the correct side of the patient." (Laughter) The point of this story is that trusting too much in the feeling of being on the correct side of anything can be very dangerous.
讓我告訴你們一個(gè)故事 幾年前 一個(gè)女人到 Beth Israel Deaconess 診所做手術(shù) Beth Israel 在波士頓 是哈佛大學(xué)的`教學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 全國數(shù)一數(shù)二的醫(yī)療中心 這個(gè)女人被送進(jìn)開刀房 麻醉，外科醫(yī)生做完手術(shù) 縫合，將她送進(jìn)恢復(fù)室 一切看上去都很好 她醒來，往自己身上一看 說“為甚么我的左腿綁著繃帶?” 她應(yīng)該接受治療的是右腿 但為他做手術(shù)的外科醫(yī)生 卻把刀開在左腿 當(dāng)副院長(zhǎng)出來為醫(yī)院的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量 和這次意外做出解釋時(shí) 他說了句很有趣的話 他說“無論如何 這位外科醫(yī)生感覺 他開下的刀是在正確的一側(cè)” (笑聲) 故事的重點(diǎn)是 相信自己的判斷力 相信自己站在對(duì)的一邊 是非常危險(xiǎn)的
This internal sense of rightness that we all experience so often is not a reliable guide to what is actually going on in the external world. And when we act like it is, and we stop entertaining the possibility that we could be wrong, well that's when we end up doing things like dumping 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, or torpedoing the global economy. So this is a huge practical problem. But it's also a huge social problem.
我們心中時(shí)常感覺到的 理直氣壯的感覺 在真實(shí)世界中 并不是個(gè)可靠的向?qū)А?當(dāng)我們依此行事 不再思考我們是否犯錯(cuò) 我們就有可能 把兩百灣加侖的石油倒進(jìn)墨西哥灣 或是顛覆世界經(jīng)濟(jì) 這是個(gè)很實(shí)際的問題 這也是個(gè)很大的社會(huì)問題
Think for a moment about what it means to feel right. It means that you think that your beliefs just perfectly reflect reality. And when you feel that way, you've got a problem to solve, which is, how are you going to explain all of those people who disagree with you? It turns out, most of us explain those people the same way, by resorting to a series of unfortunate assumptions. The first thing we usually do when someone disagrees with us is we just assume they're ignorant. They don't have access to the same information that we do, and when we generously share that information with them, they're going to see the light and come on over to our team. When that doesn't work, when it turns out those people have all the same facts that we do and they still disagree with us, then we move on to a second assumption, which is that they're idiots. (Laughter) They have all the right pieces of the puzzle, and they are too moronic to put them together correctly. And when that doesn't work, when it turns out that people who disagree with us have all the same facts we do and are actually pretty smart, then we move on to a third assumption: they know the truth, and they are deliberately distorting it for their own malevolent purposes. So this is a catastrophe.
“感覺對(duì)”究竟是什么意思 這代表著你認(rèn)為你的信念 和真實(shí)是一致的 當(dāng)你有這種感覺的時(shí)候 你的問題就大了 因?yàn)槿绻闶菍?duì)的 為甚么還有人和你持不同意見? 于是我們往往用同一種 思考方式去解釋這些異議 第一是當(dāng)他人不同意我們的說法 我們便覺得他們無知 他們不像我們懂得這么多 當(dāng)我們慷慨地和他們分享我們的知識(shí) 他們便會(huì)理解，并加入我們的行列 如果不是這樣 如果這些人和我們獲得的信息一樣多 卻仍然不認(rèn)同我們 我們便有了下一個(gè)定論 那就是他們是白癡 (笑聲) 他們已經(jīng)有了所有的信息 卻笨到無法拼湊出正確的圖像 一旦第二個(gè)定論也不成立 當(dāng)這些反對(duì)我們的人 和我們有一樣的信息 又聰明 我們便有了第三個(gè)結(jié)論 他們知道事實(shí)是甚么 但卻為了自己的好處 故意曲解真實(shí)。 這真是個(gè)大災(zāi)難
This attachment to our own rightness keeps us from preventing mistakes when we absolutely need to and causes us to treat each other terribly. But to me, what's most baffling and most tragic about this is that it misses the whole point of being human. It's like we want to imagine that our minds are just these perfectly translucent windows and we just gaze out of them and describe the world as it unfolds. And we want everybody else to gaze out of the same window and see the exact same thing. That is not true, and if it were, life would be incredibly boring. The miracle of your mind isn't that you can see the world as it is. It's that you can see the world as it isn't. We can remember the past, and we can think about the future, and we can imagine what it's like to be some other person in some other place. And we all do this a little differently, which is why we can all look up at the same night sky and see this and also this and also this. And yeah, it is also why we get things wrong.
我們的自以為是 讓我們?cè)谧钚枰臅r(shí)候 無法預(yù)防犯錯(cuò) 更讓我們互相仇視 對(duì)我來說 最大的悲劇是 它讓我們錯(cuò)失了身為人的珍貴意義 那就像是想象 我們的心靈之窗完全透明 我們向外觀看 描述在我們之前展開的世界 我們想要每個(gè)人和我們有一樣的窗子 對(duì)世界做出一樣的觀察 那不是真的 如果是，人生將會(huì)多么無聊 心靈的神奇之處 不在你懂得這個(gè)世界是甚么樣子 而是去理解那些你不懂的地方 我們記得過去 思考未來 我們想象 自己成為他人，在他方 我們的想象都有些不同 于是當(dāng)我們抬頭看同一個(gè)夜空 我們看到這個(gè) 這個(gè) 和這個(gè) 這也是我們搞錯(cuò)事情的原因
1,200 years before Descartes said his famous thing about "I think therefore I am," this guy, St. Augustine, sat down and wrote "Fallor ergo sum" -- "I err therefore I am." Augustine understood that our capacity to screw up, it's not some kind of embarrassing defect in the human system, something we can eradicate or overcome. It's totally fundamental to who we are. Because, unlike God, we don't really know what's going on out there. And unlike all of the other animals, we are obsessed with trying to figure it out. To me, this obsession is the source and root of all of our productivity and creativity.
在笛卡兒說出那句有名的”我思故我在“ 的一千兩百年前 圣奧古斯丁，坐下來 寫下"Fallor ergo sum" "我錯(cuò)故我在" 奧古斯丁懂得 我們犯錯(cuò)的能力 這并不是人性中 一個(gè)令人難堪的缺陷 不是我們可以克服或消滅的 這是我們的本質(zhì) 因?yàn)槲覀儾皇巧系?我們不知道我們之外究竟發(fā)生了甚么 而不同于其它動(dòng)物的是 我們都瘋狂地想找出解答 對(duì)我來說 這種尋找的沖動(dòng) 就是我們生產(chǎn)力和創(chuàng)造力的來源
Last year, for various reasons, I found myself listening to a lot of episodes of the Public Radio show This American Life. And so I'm listening and I'm listening, and at some point, I start feeling like all the stories are about being wrong. And my first thought was, "I've lost it. I've become the crazy wrongness lady. I just imagined it everywhere," which has happened. But a couple of months later, I actually had a chance to interview Ira Glass, who's the host of the show. And I mentioned this to him, and he was like, "No actually, that's true. In fact," he says, "as a staff, we joke that every single episode of our show has the same crypto-theme. And the crypto-theme is: 'I thought this one thing was going to happen and something else happened instead.' And the thing is," says Ira Glass, "we need this. We need these moments of surprise and reversal and wrongness to make these stories work." And for the rest of us, audience members, as listeners, as readers, we eat this stuff up. We love things like plot twists and red herrings and surprise endings. When it comes to our stories, we love being wrong.
因?yàn)橐恍┚壒?去年我在廣播上 聽了很多集的"我們的美國人生" 我聽著聽著 突然發(fā)現(xiàn) 這些故事全和犯錯(cuò)有關(guān) 我的第一個(gè)念頭是 “我完了 我寫書寫瘋了 四處都看到有關(guān)犯錯(cuò)的幻覺” 說真的是這樣 但幾個(gè)月后 我訪問了那個(gè)廣播節(jié)目的主持人 Ira Glass 我向他提到這件事 他回答我“事實(shí)上 你是對(duì)的”他說 “我們這些工作人員總是 開玩笑說每集節(jié)目之中的 秘密主題都是一樣的 這個(gè)秘密主題就是 "我以為這件事會(huì)這樣發(fā)生 結(jié)果其它事情發(fā)生了" 他說"但是，這就是我們需要的 我們需要這些意外 這些顛倒和錯(cuò)誤 這些故事才能成立。" 而我們身為觀眾 聽眾、讀者 我們吸收這些故事 我們喜歡故事轉(zhuǎn)折 令人驚訝的結(jié)局 我們喜歡在故事里 看到犯錯(cuò)
But, you know, our stories are like this because our lives are like this. We think this one thing is going to happen and something else happens instead. George Bush thought he was going to invade Iraq, find a bunch of weapons of mass destruction, liberate the people and bring democracy to the Middle East. And something else happened instead. And Hosni Mubarak thought he was going to be the dictator of Egypt for the rest of his life, until he got too old or too sick and could pass the reigns of power onto his son. And something else happened instead. And maybe you thought you were going to grow up and marry your high school sweetheart and move back to your hometown and raise a bunch of kids together. And something else happened instead. And I have to tell you that I thought I was writing an incredibly nerdy book about a subject everybody hates for an audience that would never materialize. And something else happened instead.
但，故事會(huì)這樣寫 是因?yàn)槿松褪沁@樣 我們以為某些事情會(huì)這樣發(fā)生 發(fā)生的卻是其它事 小布什以為他入侵伊拉克 會(huì)找到大規(guī)模毀滅性武器 解放中東百姓，為他們帶來民主自由 但卻不是這樣 穆巴拉克以為 他到死都會(huì)是埃及的獨(dú)裁者 一直到他年老或臥病 再把他的權(quán)力交給下一代 但卻不是這樣 或許你想過 你會(huì)長(zhǎng)大、嫁給你的初戀情人 搬回老家，生一群孩子 但卻不是這樣 我必須說 我以為我寫的是一本很冷僻的書 有關(guān)一個(gè)人人討厭的主題 為一些從不存在的讀者 但卻不是這樣
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
I mean, this is life. For good and for ill, we generate these incredible stories about the world around us, and then the world turns around and astonishes us. No offense, but this entire conference is an unbelievable monument to our capacity to get stuff wrong. We just spent an entire week talking about innovations and advancements and improvements, but you know why we need all of those innovations and advancements and improvements? Because half the stuff that's the most mind-boggling and world-altering -- TED 1998 -- eh. (Laughter) Didn't really work out that way, did it? (Laughter) Where's my jet pack, Chris?
我們的人生 無論好壞 我們創(chuàng)造了啦 那包圍我們的世界 而世界轉(zhuǎn)過頭來，令我們大吃一驚 說真的，這整個(gè)會(huì)議 充斥著這樣難以置信的時(shí)刻 我們一次又一次地意識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤 我們花了整整一周 討論創(chuàng)新，進(jìn)步 和改善 你知道我們?yōu)樯趺葱枰@些創(chuàng)新 進(jìn)步和改善嗎? 因?yàn)槠渲杏幸话?來自最應(yīng)該改變世界的 98年的TED 呃 (笑聲) 真是出人意料之外啊，不是嗎 (笑聲) 我的逃生火箭在哪，Chris?
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So here we are again. And that's how it goes. We come up with another idea. We tell another story. We hold another conference. The theme of this one, as you guys have now heard seven million times, is the rediscovery of wonder. And to me, if you really want to rediscover wonder, you need to step outside of that tiny, terrified space of rightness and look around at each other and look out at the vastness and complexity and mystery of the universe and be able to say, "Wow, I don't know. Maybe I'm wrong."
于是我們又在這里 事情就是這樣 我們重新想出其它點(diǎn)子 我們有了新的故事 我們開了另一個(gè)會(huì)議 這次的主題是 如果你還沒有聽到耳朵出油的話 是重新找到想象的力量 對(duì)我來說 如果你真的想重新找到想象的力量 你需要離開 那個(gè)小小的、自我感覺良好的小圈圈 看看彼此 看看宇宙的 廣大無垠 復(fù)雜神秘 然后真正地說 “哇，我不知道 或許我錯(cuò)了。”
Thank you.
謝謝各位
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