- 相關(guān)推薦
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)名詞和分詞
下面是小編給大家搜集的高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)名詞和分詞,一起來(lái)看看吧。
在英語(yǔ)中,不作句子謂語(yǔ),而具有除謂語(yǔ)外其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞,叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式;動(dòng)名詞和分詞。分詞又包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。
一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有:
1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由于不能用作謂語(yǔ),因而沒有語(yǔ)法上的主語(yǔ),但它往往有邏輯上的主語(yǔ)。如:
How can I get to know her? 我怎么能認(rèn)識(shí)她呢?(不定式to know 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 I )
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是them)
I can’t bear him staying up so late. 我不能忍受他這么晚睡。
(動(dòng)名詞 staying up 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 him)
We being League member, the work was well done.(現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是We)
Who is that speaking? 您是哪一位?(現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 that)
They plan further talks with interested parties on this question.
他們就此問(wèn)題打算與有關(guān)各方進(jìn)一步談判。(過(guò)去分詞interested parties 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 parties)
2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)化成各種從句。如:
The man standing there is our English teacher. The man who is standing there is our English teacher. 站在那兒的那個(gè)人是我們的英語(yǔ)教師。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為定語(yǔ)從句)
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞),在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。
The foreign guests hope to join the National Day celebration of Beijing. The foreign guests hope that they can join the National Day celebration of Beijing.
外賓希望參加北京的國(guó)慶慶祝會(huì)。(不定式短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語(yǔ)從句)
I regret being unable to help. I regret that I cannot help.
我感到抱歉,不能幫助你。(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語(yǔ)從句)
4. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中能夠做的成分:
二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法:
(一)動(dòng)名詞:
動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1、動(dòng)名詞的形式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。(一般式)
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。(被動(dòng)式)
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。(完成式)
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過(guò)。(完成被動(dòng)式)
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。(否定式)
2、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能:
1)作主語(yǔ):
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。
It’s no use crying. 哭是沒用的。
2)作表語(yǔ):動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
3)作賓語(yǔ):
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ),如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外,動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則常用形式賓語(yǔ)it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)要跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ):
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider,
admit(承認(rèn)),deny(否認(rèn)), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險(xiǎn)),
appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of,
dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep …from, stop…(from), protect…from,
set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to,
object to, pay attention to, insist on
4)作定語(yǔ):
He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
5)作同位語(yǔ):
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。
(二)現(xiàn)在分詞:
現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:
1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,常作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說(shuō)向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作業(yè),他開始打籃球。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
2、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能:
1)作定語(yǔ):現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在所修飾的名詞前,如果是分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)放在名詞后。
I like the book lying there.
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來(lái)的幾年中,他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.
正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改為the man who is speaking.
2)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ):
The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ),它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí),而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave,
catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
4)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ):
A)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時(shí),他是一名先進(jìn)工人。
B)作原因狀語(yǔ):
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員,他經(jīng)常幫助他人。
C)作方式狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
D)作條件狀語(yǔ):
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。
E)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ):
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結(jié)果摔得粉碎。
F)作目的狀語(yǔ):
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
G)作讓步狀語(yǔ):
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
H)與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.我等汽車時(shí),一只鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果時(shí)間允許,我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。
有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。
H)作獨(dú)立成分:
Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看,他一定是個(gè)演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說(shuō)來(lái),女孩子更細(xì)心。
(三)過(guò)去分詞:
過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求,要一一記住。
過(guò)去分詞的句法功能:
1、作定語(yǔ):
I don't like the book written by Martin.
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。
注意當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞是單詞時(shí),一般用于名詞前,如果是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),就放在名詞的后面。過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。
2、過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ):
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個(gè)消息,他們非常激動(dòng)。
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 過(guò)去分詞,如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu),如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。區(qū)別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動(dòng))
有些過(guò)去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的,不表示被動(dòng),只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水)
fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨)
the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過(guò)去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞做with短語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ):
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表?yè)P(yáng),他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時(shí)間)
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時(shí)間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之危險(xiǎn),他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進(jìn)山洞。
5、過(guò)去分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格:
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.
所有的書期末時(shí)都還了,圖書管理員很高興。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.地耕好了,他開始撒種子。
三、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別:
1. 作表語(yǔ)
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ),一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ),這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?嫉降牡胤。一般來(lái)說(shuō),表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite, interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞,漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”,“高興”,而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”,過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說(shuō),若人對(duì)……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí),就是說(shuō)sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有:
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The game is exciting. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ))
We were excited at the news. (過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ))
2. 分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。
3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),但不具有被動(dòng)意義,這點(diǎn)要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,
returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled,
newly-arrived, recently-come
3. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。
Smiling, they came in.
2)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Cleaned, the room looks nice.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些,它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時(shí)候,我們必須設(shè)法克服。
【高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)名詞和分詞】相關(guān)文章:
動(dòng)名詞的用法歸納12-15
英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)名詞的用法11-07
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法it的用法03-12
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法it的句型10-24
2016中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):介詞和連詞12-29
英文簡(jiǎn)歷教育部分詞匯08-11
2017考研英語(yǔ)寫作高分詞匯大全02-14
托福備考之寫作中的加分詞句07-29