注釋和參考文獻(xiàn)格式[1]
2.1注釋 Citations
2.1.1夾注 In-text Citations
轉(zhuǎn)述、闡釋、總結(jié)他人主要觀點、引用某些引文或所依據(jù)的文獻(xiàn)無須詳細(xì)注釋者,以夾注的形式隨文在括號內(nèi)注明。夾注與“參考文獻(xiàn)”結(jié)合,形成一種方便、快捷說明引用出處的注釋形式。夾注的構(gòu)成形式有以下幾種情況:
1)來自英語文章、專著的直接引語,作者姓名在文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn):
格式:出版年份:頁碼
例: Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process” (1986:241), …
2 ) 來自英語文章、專著的直接引語,作者姓名在文中沒有出現(xiàn):
格式:作者姓名,出版年份:頁碼
例: The underlying assumption is that language is “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Elli, 1968: 3).
3 ) 來自英語文章、專著的間接引語,作者姓名在文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn):
格式:出版年份:引文頁碼
例:According to Alun Rees (1986:234)〔夾注直接放在被引者后面〕, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation.
According to Alun Rees,the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986:234). 出版年份:引文頁碼〔夾注也可以位于引語的最后〕
4 ) 來自英語文章、專著的間接引語,作者姓名在文中沒有提到:
格式:作者姓名 出版年份:引文頁碼
例:It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance (Robertson, 1987: 136).
5)來自漢語文章、專著,間接引用,作者姓名在文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)[2]:
格式:作者姓名拼音+夾注(出版年份:引文頁碼)
例:Wang Datong (2002:111, 2005:191) believed that…;
6)來自漢語的文章、專著,間接引用,作者姓名在文中沒有出現(xiàn):
格式:作者姓名拼音,出版年份:引文頁碼
例:It has been found that these learners confuse the uses of passives and unaccusatives in their interlanguage (Wilson, 2005:211;Zhang Shan, 2003:19)
7)引自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)文獻(xiàn)
引用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料時如網(wǎng)頁上標(biāo)有頁碼,基本格式與上述同;如無頁碼,標(biāo)段落(par 或pars)。例:
Therefore, as Fang Wenli argues, in the English class, we don’t have to completely copy the ideal and natural language acquisition environment (Fang Wenli, 2005: pars 9-11).
8)對引語文字的更改
直接引語如出現(xiàn)在正文中間,使用引語的句子不得違反英語語法,不得出現(xiàn)“句中句”。為了使含直接引語的句子合乎語法,往往有必要對引語的文字作一定的更改。如果要刪除引語中個別詞句,可以用省略號(ellipses“…”)取代刪除的詞句。如果要加入或者更改個別單詞或者詞組,則可以將需要加入或者更改的單詞或詞組放在方括號(square brackets“[ ]”)以內(nèi)。例如:
刪除詞句:
He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982:76), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
添加詞組:
Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.”
? 無論刪改還是添加字詞均不得變更引語的原意。
? 注意:如果刪除是在句內(nèi),應(yīng)該空一格以后再加省略號。如果刪除是在一句整句以后,則應(yīng)在該整句最后的標(biāo)點(句號、問號或驚嘆號)不空格直接加省略號。省略號應(yīng)該用三個句點。
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