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2023年上半年英語專四真題試卷（含答案）
在平時的學(xué)習(xí)、工作中，我們最少不了的就是試卷了，經(jīng)過半個學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)，究竟學(xué)到了什么?需要試卷來幫我們檢驗。那么一般好的試卷都具備什么特點呢？下面是小編為大家收集的2023年上半年英語專四真題試卷（含答案），僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。（點擊對應(yīng)目錄可以直接查閱哦�。�
| 【1】上半年英語專四真題試卷含答案 | 【4】英語專四考試詞匯語法詳解 |
| 【2】英語專四考試語法的技巧 | 【5】英語專四語法術(shù)語表 |
| 【3】英語之家名師教你暑假背單詞 | 【6】英語專業(yè)四級語法重點匯總 |
一、找出劃線部分讀音與眾不同的單詞。(10分)
( )1. A. big B. sixC. nice D. miss
( )2. A. workB. wall C. whoseD. watch
( )3. A. sorry B. brotherC. some D. does
( )4. A. yesterday B. familyC. day D. Monday
( )5. A. hearB. pear C. ear D. near
( )6. A. map B. stampC. faceD. cat
( )7. A. three B. thoseC. their D. these
( )8. A. foodB. foot C. bookD. good
( )9. A. not B. no C. ink D. ant
( )10.A. names B. apples C. faces D. balls
二、請你按要求完成下列各題。(10分)
�。↖）
1. shoes(單數(shù))__________
2. bus(復(fù)數(shù))__________
3. dont(完全形式) __________
4. me(主格) __________
5. too(同音詞) __________
6. he(物主代詞) __________
7. 努力工作(譯成英語) __________
8. let us(縮寫形式) __________
9. short(反義詞) __________
10. over there(漢語意思)__________
�。↖I）翻譯下面的短語
1. 二瓶果汁___________
2. 到這來___________
3. 在樹下___________
4. 雙胞胎兄弟___________
5. how much ___________
6. thanks a lot ___________
7. look after ___________
8. put on ___________
9. 在天空中___________
10. 穿紅衣服的女孩 ___________
三、根據(jù)題意，用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。(10分)
1. Can I have ______(a) orange?
2. She _____(like) to play the flute.
3. He _____(have) got a skipping rope.
4. Please give _____(I) a cup of tea.
5. Lets go _____(shop) with my mother!
6. Da Ming comes from China，he is _____(China).
7. How many _____(hour) are there in a day?
8. Lucy _____(look) like her father.
9. "Here you are. ""_____(thank)."
10. She ______(watch) TV every evening.
四、根據(jù)提供的情景，選擇正確的句子，將其標(biāo)號填在題前的括號內(nèi)。(8分)
A. Lets go to the zoo.B. Can you spell "window"?
C. Good evening， Dad. D. Good night.
E. This is Mr Zhang. F. Look at the new car.
G. Come and sit here.H. Its my favourite colour.
( )1. 傍晚見到父親說：___________
( )2. 你想說這是我最喜歡的顏色：________
( )3. 你想叫人拼寫窗戶這個單詞，可以說：_________
( )4. 你叫湯姆過來坐，可以說：________
( )5. 你想請別人欣賞這輛紅色法拉利小轎車，可以說：_______
( )6. 想邀請別人一起去動物園，可以說：________
( )7. 睡前對母親說晚安，應(yīng)表達為：________
( )8. 你向Helen介紹一下張老師，應(yīng)該說：______
五、選擇填空。(30分)
( )1. Whats this in English? _____ a jeep.
A. This is
B. Thats
C. Its
D. it is
( )2. Wheres the bag?
A. Its in the car.
B. They are here.
C. There are.
D. Here are.
()3. Whats that man?
A. Hes my brother.
B. Yes，he is.
C. Shes a teacher.
D. Hes a teacher.
()4. Its _____ my new car.
A. /
B. a
C. is
D. isnt
() 5. ____ a cat.
A. This
B. Thiss
C. This is
D. That
( )6. Look ____ the nice car.
A. to
B. and
C. at
D. in
( )7. Its nine oclock. I must ______.
A. go home
B. go to home
C. to go home
D. go the home
() 8. _____ you see the blackboard?
A. Do
B. Are
C. Is
D. Can
( )9. Please give ____ a cup of tea.
A. she
B. he
C. I
D. him
( ) 10. Its time ____ play games.
A. in
B. on
C. for
D. to
( )11. The man _______ the photo is my father.
A. in
B. on the
C. in the
D. under
( )12. _____ name is Mike.
A. I
B. My
C. Me
D. mine
( )13. Who is the _____? He is my uncle.
A. boy
B. man
C. woman
D. girl
( )14. _____ you like this jacket?
A. Are
B. Do
C. Can
D. What
( )15. ______ is my umbrella? Its over there.
A. Where
B. What
C. Whose
D. how
( )16. Whats that ____ English?
A. for
B. in
C. on
D. under
( )17. Look! The cat is _______.
A. walk
B. run
C. ran
D. running
( ) 18. Whose gloves are they? ____ my _____.
A. Its，mothers
B. Theyre，mothers
C. Theyre，mother
D. Its，mother
( ) 19. The boys are from Tokyo. They are ______.
A. China
B. English
C. Japanese
D. Chinese
( ) 20. There are _____ on the table.
A. two bottles of milk
B. two bottles milk
C. two bottles of milks
D. two bottle of milk
( )21. "Can I help you?""Id like ______ bags of rice. "
A. some
B. a
C. little
D. one
( )22. "What would you like?""Id like _____ to eat."
A. something
B. apple
C. meat
D. some orange
()23. Look! Some meat ____ in the box. Some apples _____ in the basket.
A. are，are
B. is，is
C. are，is
D. is，are
( )24. I would like ________.
A. some banana
B. eat some bananas
C. some bananas eat
D. some bananas
()25. Please give me two bottles of _______.
A. milk
B. waters
C. milks
D. oranges
()26. Well，would you like _____ to drink?
A. some thing
B. anything
C. some things
D. something
( )27. ____ would you like _____ breakfast?
A. What，with
B. What，for
C. What，at
D. How，for
()28. I want some
A. meats
B. waters
C. cakes
D. breads
( )29. What about __________?
A. something to eat
B. to eat something
C. something eat
D. eat something
( )30. "Do you want _____ orange?""No，Id like _____ bottle of orange."
A. a，an
B. an，an
C. the，an
D. an，a
六、從Ⅱ欄中選出能對Ⅰ欄中的句子做出正確反應(yīng)的應(yīng)答語。(18分)
�。↖）
( )1. Dont be late again.A. A new watch.
( )2. May I have a cup of tea?B. Me，too.
( )3. I like the red fan. C. I see.
( )4. Whats that on the desk?D. Sure.
( )5. Wheres Dad? E. Perhaps hes in the study.
( )6. Shall we go to the zoo by bike? F. Its Bobs，I think.
( )7. Whose kite is this?G. Good idea.
( )8. Can I have a look at your dress?H. Yes. Here you are.
（II）
( )1. Could you help me， please?A. OK.
( )2. Thanks a lot. B. Youre welcome.
( )3. Lets put the books in the box.C. Its Monday.
( )4. Can you carry it? D. No，its full.
( )5. Whos on duty today? E. lam.
( )6. Is it empty? F. No，its light.
( )7. What day is it today?G. Certainly.
( )8. Is that bag heavy? H. No. Li Lei isnt here.
( )9. Are we all here today? I. No，thanks.
( )10. Let me help you.J. Yes，I can.
七、在下列各句A、B或C中找出與劃線部分意義相近的詞或句子。（14分）
( ) 1. Wang Hai does well in English.
A. likes
B. is good at
C. is writing
( )2. Id like some melons.
A. I want
B. I like
C. I need
( )3. Let me see.
A. look at
B. watch
C. think over
( ) 4. How does she go there?
A. get up
B. do
C. get
( )5. We have three lessons this afternoon.
A. texts
B. glasses
C. classes
( )6. Well go and get some bananas.
A. sell
B. want
C. buy
( )7. A: Its hot inside. Please open the window.
B: Pardon?
A. Please say it again.
B. Im sorry.
C. All right.
( )8. Where are you from? Im from China.
A. Im from Chinese.
B. Im Chinese.
C. Im in China.
( )9. Tom! This is my uncle.
A. my fathers brother.
B. my mothers sister.
C. my fathers sister.
( ) 10. Whats the time? Its a quarter to one.
A. 1:15
B. 1:45
C. 12:45
( )11. Whats the weather like in Shanghai?
A. Whats the weather in Shanghai?
B. How is the weather like in Shanghai?
C. How is the weather in Shanghai?
( )12. Can I play the video games now? Im afraid you cant.
A. Youre welcome.
B. Thats OK.
C. Please dont.
( )13. Were going to the cinema.
A. Were going to do it.
B. Were walking in the cinema，
C. Were going to see a film.
( )14. Our teacher walks to school on foot every day.
A. Our teacher goes to school on foot every day.
B. Our teacher works every day.
C. Our teacher likes walking every day.
八、連詞成句，注意大小寫和標(biāo)點符號。(10分)
1. things，in，are，the，now，the，car
____________________________________________
2. you，what，wrong，is，with
____________________________________________
3. you，let，help，me
____________________________________________
4. is，the，what，weather，today，like
____________________________________________
5. you，me，please，could，help
____________________________________________
6. are，what，they，colour
____________________________________________
7. many，minutes，hour，there，how，are，in，an
____________________________________________
8. him，give，please，water，a，of，bottle
____________________________________________
9. to，I，put，the，ball，in，the，box，want
____________________________________________
10. fox，wolf，friends，and，are
___________________________________________
九、選擇正確答案。(10分)
Jack is a teacher of English. He is not young，but he is not old. He has a round face and black hair. He is tall. There are fifty students in his class. They all like him.
Now its in the afternoon. Look，some students are working in the classroom. Jack is there，too. He is helping them to study English. He is a good teacher，and he is a good friend of them all.
( )1. What does Jack do?
A. He is a worker.
B. He is a teacher.
C. He is a doctor.
D. Hes a nurse.
( )2. What colour is his hair?
A. Its black.
B. His heir is white.
C. It is brown.
D. He has yellow hair.
( )3. How many students are there in his class?
A. There are fifteen students in his class.
B. Theres fifty.
C. He has fifty.
D. Therere fifty in it.
( )4. Jack is a good teacher，isnt he?
A. Yes，he isnt.
B. No，he is.
C. Yes，hes.
D. Yes，he is.
( )5. What are the students doing in the classroom?
A. They are walking there.
B. They are doing their lessons.
C. They are helping their teacher.
D. They are good friends of Jack.
答案：
一．
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. C
二．
�。↖）
1. shoe
2. buses
3. do not
4. I
5. two
6. his
7. work hard
8. lets
9. long/tall
10. 在那邊
�。↖I）
1．two bottles of juice
2．come here
3．under the tree
4．twin brothers
5．多少
6．多謝
7．照看
8．穿上
9．in the sky
10．the girl in red
三．
1. an 元音開頭的詞前要用冠詞an。
2. likes she為單數(shù)第三人稱所以動詞要用單數(shù)和第三人稱形式。
3. has he為第三人稱單數(shù)，動詞要用單數(shù)第三人稱形式，have變成has。
4. me動詞give后要用賓格形式。
5. shopping go shopping為固定短語。
6. Chinese 此處Chinese譯為"中國人"。
7. hours How many后要加復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
8. looks Lucy作語語，為第三人稱單數(shù)，所以動詞也用單數(shù)第三人稱形式。
9. Thanks 慣用法。
10. watches she 為第三人稱單詞，動詞watch也用單數(shù)第三人稱形式，以ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.
四．
1.C
2. H
3. B
4. G
5. F
6. A
7. D
8. E
五．
1. C由于是單數(shù)，回答時用Its。不選擇A是因為Whats this in English的回答用It is…而不用This is…
2. B單數(shù)回答用B。
3. D此句問的不是"那個男人是誰"而是問"那個男人是干什么的"所以選D。
4. A此處，物主代詞前不能用冠詞。
5. Cthis is不能縮寫。
6. Clook at為常用短語，"表示看……"。
7. A情態(tài)動詞后要用動詞原形，go home為固定短語。
8. D此處用情態(tài)動詞can 更準(zhǔn)確。
9. D動詞give后要用賓格形式。
10. D Its time to+動詞原形為習(xí)慣用法。
11. A 在照片上用in.
12. B 此處要用形容詞性物主代詞。
13. B 根據(jù)回答中的uncle，故用B。
14. B 句中l(wèi)ike為動詞，所以用Do提問。
15. A 根據(jù)回答得知問"傘在哪？"，所以要選A。
16. B in English為固定用法，in為用的意思。
17. D is與現(xiàn)在分詞搭配，組成進行時。
18. B gloves為復(fù)數(shù)，所以要用they are；所有格要在名詞后加s。
19. C Tokyo為東京，在日本，所以選擇C。
20. A there are后要加復(fù)數(shù)形式，milk為不可數(shù)名詞，所以要選A。
21．A bags為復(fù)數(shù)。所以選擇some。
22．A something為不定代詞，用在此處，意為"想吃點什么"。
23．D meat為不可數(shù)名詞，apple為可數(shù)名詞，所以用D。
24．D I would like意為"我想要，想吃……"。后直接加名詞。
25．A milk為不可數(shù)名詞。
26．D something為不定代詞，something to drink意為"喝點什么"。這時是想得到肯定回答，所以不用anything。
27．B breakfast為早飯。
28．C cake在此為可數(shù)名詞，可變復(fù)數(shù)。
29．A 習(xí)慣用法。
30．D orange意為橘子，元音開頭要用an。
六．
（I）1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. E 6. G 7. F 8. H
�。↖I）1. G 2. B 3. A 4. J 5. E
6. D
7. C
8. F
9. H
10. I
七．
1. B does well in為"學(xué)得好"的意思。
2. A Id like 意為"我想要/我想吃"。
3. C see在此為"想一想"的意思。
4. C go 在此表示去那兒/到那兒，get有"到達"之意。
5. C lessons意為課程、課，故選classes。
6. C get在此為買的意思。
7. A Pardon?口語中意為沒聽清，"再說一遍。"
8. B from China意為來自中國，故選B。
9. A uncle為"叔叔"。
10. Ca quarter為"一刻鐘"，故選C。
11. CHow為副詞，不能與like(介詞)連用。
12. CIm afraid you cant 意為"恐怕不行"，為否定。
13. Cgo to the cinema意為"去看電影"。
14. A去上班還可用go
八．
1．The things are in the car now．
2．Whats wrong with you?
3．Let me help you．
4．What is the weather like today?
5．Could you help me，please?
6．What colour are they?
7．How many minutes are there in an hour?
8．Please give him a bottle of water．
9．I want to put the ball in the box．
10．Fox and wolf are friends．
九．
1．B 見文中第一句。Jack是一位英語老師。
2．A 見文中第三句。他圓圓的臉，黑色頭發(fā)。
3．D 見文中第四句。我們班有五十五名學(xué)生。
4．D 見文中最后兩句。他是一位好老師，還是大家的好朋友。
5．B 見第二段第二句。有些同學(xué)在班級里做功課。
英語選擇題習(xí)題包含答案
1.The firemen managed to _____ the fire in time.
A. extinguish B. prevent C. suppress D. ruin
2. What is most obvious in this book are all those details of daily living which make Mrs. Richard _____ common.
A. nothing but B. anything but C. above all D.rather than
3.The car was completely _____ and the driver seriously injured.
A. broken off B. taken off C. written off D. picked up
4. According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, wisdom comes from the _____ of maturity.
A. fulfillment B. achievement
C. establishment D. accomplishment
5.The number of tickets _____ will be determined by the size of the stadium.
A. adaptable B. acceptable C. advisable D. available
6.Too many hotels have been built and this has _____ prices, making holidays cheaper.
A. cut short B. cut out C. cut off D. cut down
1.[答案] A. extinguish.
[注釋] extinguish (=put out) vt. 撲滅 (火焰等) 。Stop the fire雖然也可以搭配, 但按本句題意用extinguish為最佳。
2.[答案] B. anything but.
[注釋] anything but (=far from being) 根本不; The boys knew they bad broken the rules, and they were anything but happy when they were called to the office. (=They were unhappy and afraid.) nothing but 只不過; Dont have him for a friend; hes nothing but a criminal. (不要把他當(dāng)朋友, 他只不過是個罪犯。) I have nothing but two dollars. (我只有2美元。) above all最重要的。rather than 而不是
3.[答案] C. written off.
[注釋] write off報廢
4.[答案] B. achievement
[注釋]achievement 取得, 達到, 成就。
fulfilment 履行, 實行。如：He was willing to face any hardship in fulfilment of his duties. (他愿意迎向困難去履行他得職責(zé)。)
establishment 建立,建設(shè)。
Accomplishment (順利) 完成：It was a great accomplishment to finish the house cleaning in two days. (兩天內(nèi)打掃完這棟屋子是件很了不起的事。)
5.[答案] D. available.
[注釋] available. 可用的, 有效的, 可得到的。例如：1) There are no doctors available in the remote areas. (在邊遠地區(qū)沒有大夫。)
acceptable 可以接受的：None of the suggestions was acceptable. advisable 明智的, 可取的, 適當(dāng)?shù)模篒 think it advisable that he be assigned to the job. (我認(rèn)為指派他干這項工作是可取的。)
adaptable 能適應(yīng)的：He is an adaptable man and will soon learn the new work.
6.[答案] D. cut down.
[注釋] cur short 縮短；打斷；縮減. cut out切斷，刪去. cut off切斷（供水供電等），中斷。cut down 削減，砍倒。
一 、代數(shù) 名詞 數(shù)詞
1 在使用兩個以上的人稱代詞時 順序是:第二人稱 第三人稱 第一人稱
2 everyone后面不可以跟of短語 every one 就可以
3 以名詞/動名詞+介詞（短語）/形容詞/副詞/動詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是將作為主要部分的名詞或動名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) 直接來源于短語或以可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是將最后一個構(gòu)詞部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) 以man 或者woman+名詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是將兩個組成部分全變成復(fù)數(shù) 以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式 如：homework
4 物質(zhì)名詞一般不可數(shù)，但用于表示各種不同品種時 幾乎都可做可數(shù)名詞 如：different teas
5 當(dāng)抽象名詞前后有修飾語表示某一種或某一方面的抽象概念時 其前可加a/an
6 名詞所有格要點：必須用s的場合
1）s屬格用于表示時間，度量衡，價值的名詞之后
2）作為一個整體的詞組在最后一個詞加s
3）人或物為兩人共有，在第二個名詞后加s
4）當(dāng)所有格后面的名詞是人們熟悉的建筑物 如商店，住家，教堂，醫(yī)院等，此名詞常省略
5）復(fù)合名詞在最后一個詞后加s
6）當(dāng)被修飾的名詞后有同位語時，必須用s
7 當(dāng)用來表示類別或?qū)傩詴r，要用s childrens shoes 兒童鞋 ， 必須用of的場合
1）名詞后跟有后置修飾語或同位語時
2）以定冠詞加分詞或形容詞表示一類人時
如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基數(shù)詞以表示確切數(shù)目時，都不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式 如果用來表示很多有不確切的數(shù)目時，須用復(fù)數(shù)，而且后面加of
8 表示順序的兩種方式：
1）名詞+基數(shù)詞，不用冠詞，如Chapter four
2） the+序數(shù)詞+名詞 如the Fourth Chapter
9 倍數(shù)增減的表示法
1） 倍數(shù)+形容詞/副詞比較級+than
2） 倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+as
3） 倍數(shù)+名詞
4） 動詞+百分比或倍數(shù)
5） 動詞+to+數(shù)詞
6） double/triple/quadruple+名詞
7） 動詞+by+數(shù)詞/百分比/倍數(shù)
10 分?jǐn)?shù)分子為基數(shù)詞，分母為序數(shù)詞 分母除了在分子為一的其他情況下為復(fù)數(shù)
11 百分比后接名詞時加of
二、形容詞 副詞
1）前置修飾語的排列順序
可以至于冠詞前的形容詞（all both such） ——冠詞，指示形容詞，所有格形容詞，不定形容詞（a an the this your his any some）——基數(shù)詞（one ） 序數(shù)詞（first）—— 表示性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，質(zhì)量的形容詞（good useful）——表示大小，長短，形狀的形容詞——表示年齡，新舊，溫度的形容詞——表示顏色的形容詞——表示國籍，產(chǎn)地，區(qū)域的形容詞——表示材料，用做形容詞的名詞——動名詞，分詞
2）后置修飾語 由前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞
3）形容詞修飾由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等組成的復(fù)合不定代詞時，必須后置
4）enough作形容詞修飾名詞時既可放前又可放后，但當(dāng)它作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，必須后置
5）有些形容詞本身就有比……年長，比…… 優(yōu)等的意思 這些形容詞后面用介詞to 而不用than
6）much too 作為副詞短語修飾形容詞或副詞，不修飾名詞
7）more 不能用來修飾比較級
8）與名詞連用的more of a ……/as much of a……/more of a……意為更像……
9）as much of a……意為稱得上，less of a 意為算不上
10）none other than（不是別人，正是）=no other than
11）any/sone/every與other連用時，其后若用可數(shù)名詞，一般為單數(shù)
三、情態(tài)動詞
1）can 用于否定句cannot（help）but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不帶to的動詞不定式）
2）must 表示禁止，一定不要時的否定式為mustnt 當(dāng)它表示有把握的推斷時 意為一定 準(zhǔn)是時 它的否定形式為cant
3）need doing=need to be done 這個句型表示被動意味
4）need not have done sth 表示本來沒有必要做某事 （經(jīng)�？迹�
四 、虛擬語氣
從句 主句
1）與過去事實相反 had+過去分詞 should（第一人稱）would（其它人稱）+have+過去分詞
與現(xiàn)在事實相反 一般過去式（動詞be用were） would/should/could/might+動詞原型
與將來事實相反 過去式或should/were+動原 would/should/could/might+動詞原型
2）It is （high/about/the）time……謂語動詞用過去式 指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r 表示早該做某事而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有點晚了
3）It is the first（second/third）time后的that從句中，謂語動詞要用完成體來表示一種經(jīng)驗
4）as if/though 的虛擬要點
1）對當(dāng)時事實的假設(shè)，從句謂語用過去式，be動詞一律用were
2）對過去事實的假設(shè)，從句謂語用過去完成式
3）對未來事實的假設(shè)，從句謂語用would+動詞原型
Acid- [5AsId]酸的，尖酸的（ac=ang-尖角）
Acute [E5kju:t]敏銳的，[醫(yī)]急性的，劇烈（ac=ang-尖角）
admire[Ed5maiE]贊美、欽佩、羨慕（mir-神奇）
adolescence[9AdEJ`lesEns]青春期（ado=adult）
adolescent[7AdEu5lesnt]青春期的（ado=adult）
adult[E5dQlt, 5AdQlt]成人，成年人（ult=old）
angle角度[∧] （A-尖銳）
architect[5B:kitekt]建筑師（arch=ang）
architecture[5B:kitektFE]建筑，建筑學(xué)（arch=ang）
ashore [E5FC:]在岸上（shore=share-切、分）
aspect[5Aspekt]外貌、問題的一個方面（spect-看）
cattle家畜，牛（cat=catch-捕捉）
chant[tFB:nt]圣歌，圣詩（ch-唱、吵）
chaos[5 keiCs]混亂，混沌（ch-唱、吵）
cheer歡呼（ch-唱、吵）
child[tFaild]兒童（ch-唱、吵）
chorus[5kC:rEs]合唱團，合唱隊（ch-唱、吵）
church[tFE:tF]教堂（ch-唱、吵）
committee[kE5miti]委員會，全體委員（mit=miss-投、扔）
compensate [5kCmpEnseit]賠償（pens-錢）
conspicuous[kEn5spikjuEs]有目共睹的（spic-看）
convict [5kCnvikt]證明...有罪，宣告...有罪（vict-勝利）
convince [kEn5vins]使確信（vin=win-勝利）
depict[di5pikt]描述，描繪（pict-畫）
despite[dis5pait]蔑視、不管（spite-看）
detect[di5tekt]發(fā)現(xiàn)，察覺（tect=top）
detective[di5tektiv]發(fā)現(xiàn)的，偵探的；偵探（tect=top）
dictate[dik5teit]獨裁，聽寫測試（dict-說）
disparage [dis5pAridV]歧視、貶損（par=peer-看）
echo[5ekEu]回聲，回音（ch-唱、吵）
execute[5eksikju:t]處死、執(zhí)行、實行（ec=sect-切）
expensive [iks5pensiv]昂貴的（pens-錢）
female[5fi:meil]女性（f=v-女性）
fence[fens]擊劍，柵欄（f-劍）
fiction[5fikFEn]小說，虛構(gòu)（fict-做）
figure[5fi^E]外形，輪廓，體形，圖形；描繪，塑造；數(shù)字（fig=finger-手指）
harsh [hB:F]粗糙的、刺耳、刺目的（har=hair）
infant[5infEnt]嬰兒；嬰兒的（f-說）
inject[in5dVekt]注射（j-投、射）
inspect[in5spekt]檢查、視察（spect-看）
intermittent[7intE(:)5mitEnt]間歇性的，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)（mit=miss-投、放）
intersection[7intE(:)5sekFEn]交集、十字路口（sect-切）
jail[dVeil]監(jiān)獄（j-投）
junior[5dVu:njE]年少的（june-六月）
kettle[5ketl]壺（ket=kiss-嘴）
kid[kid]小孩（變化自child）
magnitude[5mA^nitju:d]眾多，大量（mag=maj-大）
major[5meidVE]主要的，主修的；主修課（maj-大、多）
mall[mC:l]商場（m-merc-商業(yè)）
marine[mE5ri:n]海；海的，海洋的（mar-海洋）
marsh [mB:F]n.沼澤地，濕地（mar-海洋）
masculine[5mB:skjulin]男子漢；男子氣概的（masc=musc-肌肉）
merchant[5mE:tFEnt]商人（merch=merc-商業(yè)）
miracle[5mirEkl]奇跡、奇事（mir-神奇）
mirage[5mirB:V]海市蜃樓、霧像（mir-神奇）
mirror[5mirE]鏡子（mir-神奇）
missile[5misail, -sEl]發(fā)射的，投射的；導(dǎo)彈（miss-投、射）
mission[5miFEn]使團（miss-投、射）
muscle[5mQsl]肌肉（musc=mouse）
object[5CbdVikt]物體，客體，目標(biāo)（ject-投、射）
objective[Eb5dVektiv]客體的，客觀的（ject-投、射）
obscure[Eb5skjuE]暗的，朦朧的，模糊的，晦澀的（sc-看）
penny便士（p-板）
pension [5penFEn]養(yǎng)老金（pens-錢）
picture[5piktFE]圖畫（pict-圖畫）
pigment [5pi^mEnt]顏料，染料（pig-圖畫）
predict[pri5dikt]預(yù)言，預(yù)測（dict-說）
project[5prCdVekt]投影；項目，方案（ject-投、射）
purchase[5pE:tFEs]買，購買（purch-購、p-錢）
rail[reil]鐵軌（r-road）
respect[ris5pekt]尊敬、重視（spect-看）
respectable [ris5pektEbl]可敬的，值得尊敬的（spect-看）
respectful [ris5pektful]恭敬的（樣子）（spect-看）
respective [ris5pektiv]分別的，各自的（respect-尊敬、尊重）
reticent[5retisEnt]沉默不語的，心照不宣的（tic-說）
scene[si:n]風(fēng)景，一場戲（sc-看）
scenery[5si:nEri]風(fēng)景，景色（總稱）（sc-看）
section[5sekFEn]部分（sect-切、分）
segment[5se^mEnt]段、節(jié)（seg=sect-切分）
shave剃、刮；刮臉（sh=s-切）
shear修剪（sh=s-切）
shore [FC:]岸、濱（shore=share-切、分）
smattering[5smAtErIN]略知，少數(shù)（sm-�。�
smog[smC^]霧（sm-�。�
smother[5smQTE]死,窒息而亡（smo=smoke）
spark[spB:k]火花（sp=噴）
spectacle[5spektEkl]景觀、眼鏡（spect-看）
spill[spil]溢出，濺出（sp-噴）
subject[5sQbdVikt]題目，主題，科目；受制于，使隸屬于（ject-投、射）
subjective[sQb5dVektiv]主觀的（ject-投、射）
submarine[5sQbmEri:n]潛水的、水下的（mar-海洋）
submit[sEb5mit]呈交，投降（mit-投、遞交）
suspicious[sEs5piFEs]懷疑的（spic-看）
victim[5viktim]犧牲品（vict-勝利）
victor[5viktE]勝利者（vict-勝利）
victory[5viktEri]成功，勝利（vict-勝利）
advertise [5AdvEtaIz] 做廣告（vert-旋轉(zhuǎn)）
agriculture農(nóng)業(yè)（agri=acre-畝、田地）
angle [5AN^l] 角度（ang-Ang-詞根：角度）
assassinate [E5sAsineit] v.暗殺，行刺（sass-切、殺）
assassination [E7sAsi5neiFEn]n.暗殺（sass-切、殺）
bench [bentF]板凳（b-板子）
campus [5kAmpEs]校園（camp-土地、田野）
camp詞跟：田野（c=g）
colony [5kClEni]殖民地（col=cult-種植）
conservation [7kCnsE(:)5veiFEn]保存、保全、守恒（serve=save-保存、保全）
conversation對話（verse-旋轉(zhuǎn)）
cult詞跟：培養(yǎng)、種植（c=g）
dictate [dik5teit]獨裁，使…聽寫（dict-說）
define[di5fain]下定義（fin-終、限）
definite [5definit]明確的，一定的（fin-終、限）
definitely[5definitli]明確地，干脆地（fin-終、限）
democracy民主（acy-名詞后綴）（demo-人民 cr-叫）
demonstrate游行，示威，示范（demo-人民 strate=street）
drench [drentF]濕透（dr-drop）
expedition [7ekspi5diFEn]遠足、探險（ped-足）
faint[feint]暈倒（f-落下、倒下）
fall落下
fatigue[fE5ti:^]疲勞、疲憊（fat=faint-落下、倒下）
feeble[5fi:bl]虛弱的，無力的（f-落下、倒下）
fence [fens] 擊劍、籬笆（）
fiction[5fikFEn]小說，虛構(gòu)（fict-做）
final-最后的（fin-終、限）
fine-詞根：終止、限定、完成（f-落下）
finish [5finiF] 完成（fin-終、限）
finite[5fainait]有限的，有窮的（fin-終、限）
fountain [5fauntin]泉水（f-落下）
French [frentF] 法國人
generate [5dVenE7reit]生產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)生（gen-生）
genius [5dVi:njEs]天才（gen-生）
geometry [[dVi5Cmitri]幾何學(xué)（geo-土地）
hole [hEul]洞(h-大)
infinite[5infinit]無限的，無窮的（fin-終、限）
kiss[kis]接吻（k-嘴）
lamp-臺燈（l-光線）
naive [nB:5i:v]天真的，幼稚的（na-生）
nation [5neiFEn] 國家（nat-生）
page [peidV] 一張
paint [peint]油漆、涂料；描繪、繪畫（p-圖畫、圖片）
panda [5pAndE]熊貓（pand-膨脹）
panel [5pAnl] 儀表盤、面板（pan-盤子）
picture[5piktFE]圖畫，圖片（pict-畫）
police [pE5li:s]警察（pole-棒子）
policy [5pClisi] 政策、方針（pole-棒子）
pregnancy[5pre^nEnsi]懷孕（gen-gn-生）
pregnant[5pre^nEnt]懷孕的（gen-gn-生）
preserve [pri5zE:v]保鮮、保藏（serve=save-保留）
real[5ri:El]真的
rect 詞根：直
rectify [5rektifai]糾正（rect 詞根：直）
renaissance[rE5neisEns]復(fù)興，文藝復(fù)興（na=nat-生）
reserve [ri5zE:v]預(yù)備、保留（serve=save-保留）
revise修訂（vise-看、見）
right[rait]正確的
saint [seint]圣人；神圣、圣明的（s-看、見）
salary [5sAlEri] 薪水（ary-名詞后綴）
save [seiv]解救、節(jié)省、保留
scar [skB:]刀疤（sc-切、砍）
scissor[5sizE]剪刀，刀（sc-切、砍）
servant [5sE:vEnt] 奴仆（ant-名詞后綴）
sole [sEul]唯一的
sophist [5sCfist]詭辯家、博學(xué)者（soph-智慧）
sophisticated [sE5fistikeitid]老于世故的，精密的（soph-智慧）
sophomore [5sCfEmC:]大二學(xué)生，有兩年以上經(jīng)驗的人（soph-智慧）
soph-詞根：智慧（s-看、見）
stamp-頓足、跺腳，蓋郵戳，郵票（st-站）
story[5stC:ri] 故事 （st-站著，停留，陳舊的）
student [5stju:dEnt] 學(xué)生
tailor[5teilE] 裁縫（tail-詞根：尾巴，剪刀）
teacher [5ti:tFE] 教師
tedious [5ti:diEs]冗長的，乏味的（ted=tend-延伸）
tedium [5ti:diEm, -djEm]冗長，乏味（ted=tend-延伸）
tendency [5tendEnsi] 趨勢、趨向（tend-延伸）
trench [trentF]溝渠（tr=through）
victor[5viktE]勝利（vict-勝利）
vise看（v-象形）
vision視覺（vise-看、見）
visit參觀（vise-看、見）
wench村姑、通奸（w-女性）
wheel[wi:l, hw-]車輪（象聲詞）
whirl [(h)wE:l] (使)旋轉(zhuǎn)，急轉(zhuǎn)（象聲詞）
willow [5wilEu]柳樹（w-擺動）
wise明智的、英明的（vise-看、見）
wrap[rAp]纏，裹（wr-手腕、擰）
wrench [rentF]猛擰、掙脫（wr-手腕、擰）
wrist [rist]手腕（wr-手腕）
write[rait]寫（wr-手腕）
wrong錯
定語從句中關(guān)系代詞：that的用法
1)在既指人又指事物的兩個或兩個以上的先行詞后面。例如：
They are talking about the people and countries that they hadvisited.
2)在限制性定語從句中有形容詞最高級的先行詞后面。例如：
He is the best student that I have ever met.
3)在以“It is……”,“It was……”等開頭的強調(diào)句中，和相應(yīng)的疑問句中。如：
What is it that he wants?
4)在only, all, little的后面
This is all that I know.
5)在no, every, some和any等詞后面，也包括在它們的復(fù)合詞在內(nèi)。如：
There is no person that is always in the right.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
近義詞辨析
beautiful, good looking, handsome, lovely, pretty
這組詞均含有“美麗”、“漂亮”、“可愛”的意思。
beautiful
指能不僅給人帶來感官上的快樂，而且通過感官產(chǎn)生思想和靈魂的愉悅，在同類詞中層次最高。
She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我記憶中的她更漂亮了。
good lookingl
不如handsome, pretty意思強烈，指一般的“好看”或“悅目”。
That good looking young manvisited the house once or twice a week.那個長相不錯的年輕人一星期光顧一兩次。
handsome
通常是一種客觀的不帶感情色彩的評價。一個人如被形容為handsome,是指此人外貌符合觀察者的要求，但不激發(fā)更深層的感受。
He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西裝顯得非常英俊。
lovely
比感官的快樂更進一步，是強調(diào)純粹情感上的愉悅，指覺得某人或某物“可愛”。
Mary has two lovely daughters.瑪麗有兩個可愛的女兒。
pretty
〖FK(F+18mm.102mmZQ也是“漂亮、可愛”的意思。很少形容大而有影響力的事物，多形容事物不以其優(yōu)秀、完美而以小巧、優(yōu)雅、精致見長，使人容易接受并喜愛。
Her boyfriendbelieves that she is the prettiest girl in the town.她男朋友覺得她是鎮(zhèn)上最漂亮的女孩。
名詞: noun
個體名詞: individual noun
集體名詞: collective noun
物質(zhì)名詞: material noun
抽象名詞: abstract noun
可數(shù)名詞: countable noun
不可數(shù)名詞: uncountable noun
動詞: verb
動態(tài)動詞: dynamic verb
靜態(tài)動詞: stative verb
情態(tài)動詞: modal verb
助動詞: auxiliary
非謂語動詞: non-finite verbs
(分詞, participle; 不定式, infinitive; 動名詞, gerund)
代詞: pronoun
人稱代詞: personal pronoun
物主代詞: possessive pronoun
反身代詞: reflexive pronoun
指示代詞: demonstrative pronoun
關(guān)系代詞: relative pronoun
不定代詞: indefinite pronoun
形容詞: adjective
副詞: adverb
冠詞: article
連詞: conjunction
介詞: preposition
感嘆詞: interjection
限定詞: determiner
數(shù)詞: numeral
短語: phrase
不定式短語: infinitive phrase
動名詞短語: gerundialphrase
分詞短語: participial phrase
主語: subject
謂語: predicate
主謂一致: subject-verb agreement
賓語:object
補語: complement
定語: attribute
狀語: adverbial
同位語: appositive
主語從句: subject clause
表語從句: predicative clause
賓語從句: object clause
定語從句: attributive clause
先行詞: antecedent
限制性定語從句: restrictive attributive clause
非限制性定語從句: non-restrictive attributive clause
狀語從句: adverbial clause
陳述句: Declarative sentence
疑問句: interrogative sentence
祈使句: imperative sentence
感嘆句: exclamatory sentence
時態(tài)(各種時態(tài)): tense
語態(tài): voice
主動語態(tài): active voice
被動語態(tài): passive voice
虛擬語氣: subjunctive mood
反義疑問句: tag question
倒裝: inversion
部分倒裝: partial inversion
省略: ellipsis
一、非謂語動詞的主要考點
1. 有些典型動詞后面可以接上不定式或動名詞來做賓語的，但是在意思上是有區(qū)別的，主要常考到的動詞羅列如下：
mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）
propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建議（做某事）
forget to do忘記（要做的事）VS forget doing忘記（已做的事）remember to do記得（要做某事）VS remember doing記得（做過）
go on to do繼而（做另一件事）VS go on doing繼續(xù)（做原來的事）
stop to do停下來去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事
regret to do（對將要做的事）遺憾VS regret doing（對已做過的事）后悔
2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法
典型句型整理如下：
如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事”
如：“cannot but do”—— “不禁做某事”
如：“cannot choose but do”—— “不由自主地做某事”
如：“can do nothing but do”—— “不能不做某事”
如：“have no choice but to do”—— “只能做某事”
如：“have no alternative but to do”—— “只能做某事”
例句：The boycannot help butbegreatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor.
WhenIstart my job career, Icannot choose butlook back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus.
3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法
典型動名詞的習(xí)慣句型整理羅列如下：
如：be busy/active doing sth.
如：It’s no good/use doing sth.
如：spend/waste time doing sth.
如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.
如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.
例句：
There is no use cryingover spilt milk.（典型例句）
牛奶灑了，哭也沒用；后悔是沒有用的；覆水難受
I reallyhave problem solvingthese mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.
二、形容詞與副詞及其比較級
1.形容詞的句法功能
形容詞通常在句子中用做定語、表語與主語的語法成分，通�？嫉降闹R點總結(jié)如下：
(1) 以“a” 開頭的形容詞
如“alone”、“alike”、“asleep”、“awake”等一般不能做前置定語，通常是做表語或后置定語的
例句：Jerry didn’t pass the important final exam, pleaselethimalonefor the time being.
Michael came back from job just now,andhis eyes were shut and he seemed to havefallen asleep.
(2) 某些以副詞詞綴 “-ly” 結(jié)尾的詞其實是形容詞，不能看錯是副詞，例如“friendly”、“l(fā)eisurely”、“l(fā)ovely”等
(3) 下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語
這些典型單詞羅列如下：
“remain”、“keep”、“become”、“get”、“grow”、“go”、“come”、“turn”、“stay”、“stand”、“run”、“prove”、“seem”、“appear”、“l(fā)ook”等
例句：The situationremainstensebetween the two countries at this juncture.在這個節(jié)骨眼上，兩國形勢仍然持續(xù)緊張。
There is strong possibility that sucha style of mutualcooperation willprove unworkable. 這種合作模式大有可能行不通。
2. 某些詞雖然不用比較級形式卻自身帶有比較概念
這些典型詞匯總結(jié)如下：
“inferior”、“minor”、“senior”、“prior”、“prefer to”、“superior”、“major”、“junior”、“preferable”、“differ from”、“compared with”、“in comparison with”、“different from”、“rather than”等
例句：After visiting at weekends, I think their villa issuperiorto all the other villas in the countryside.
3. 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as… 與其說…還不如說…
例句：The major reason for hissuicideisn’t so muchhis negative emotionsashisincapacity to take care of himself.
(2)no/not any more…than… 兩者一樣都不…
例句：It is well acknowledged by the public that the heart isno any moreintelligentthanthe stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain altogether.
(3)no /not any less…than… 兩者一樣都…
例句：I was good at almost all subjects when I was in the junior high school, and particularly speaking, mathematics wasno any lessgoodthanphysics at that time.
(4)just as…so… 正如…，…也…（會使用到倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）
例如：Just aschocolate is a part of my favorite food,sois the ice cream.
三、虛擬語氣
簡明概述：虛擬語氣是指說話人講話的內(nèi)容與現(xiàn)實或事實相反，是一種主觀假想的情況。
時態(tài)：可表示過去、現(xiàn)在和將來，特征是時態(tài)相應(yīng)退后。
1. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的主觀假設(shè)：
條件從句：一般現(xiàn)在時 改為 一般過去時 注：be動詞一律改為were
主句：should/would/could/might + 動詞原形
例句：
If therewerean English dictionary, wecouldconsult it for this difficult word.
If my bigger brotherwerehere, hewoulddo us a favor to move the heavy box.
2. 與過去事實相反的主觀假設(shè)：
條件從句：一般過去時 改為 過去完成時
主句：should/would/could/might + have + 過去分詞
例句：
If hehadstudiedmore diligently, hewould have passedthe exam undoubtedly.
If my favorite teacherhad been hereyesterday,Iwould have paidmore attention to the lesson.
If the childhad beenmore careful, hewould not have madesuch a foolish mistake.
3. 與將來事實相反的主觀假設(shè)：
條件從句：
一般過去時
注：be動詞一律改為were
were + to do sth
should + 動詞原形
主句：should/would/could/might + 動詞原形
例句：
If youmadegreat progress in the near future, youshouldnot forget your teachers.
If youwere tomake great progress in the near future, youshouldnot forget your teachers.
If youshouldmake great progress in the near future, youshouldbe grateful to your teachers.
混合條件句：
主句和條件從句所發(fā)生的時間點不一致，這個時候就需要根據(jù)各自的時態(tài)進行倒退來做相應(yīng)修改。
例句：
If youhad finishedyour homework by yourself yesterday（過去）, youwould notcopy other’s answers in a hurry（現(xiàn)在）.
If youhad askedyour mother how to cook last week（過去）, youwouldknow clearly each cooking step of the dish（現(xiàn)在）.
虛擬語氣的倒裝
如果從句中有were，should，had，則需要倒裝。
倒裝方法：將if省略，再把were，should，had挪到從句的句首。
注：如果從句中沒有were，should，had，則不能省略if，也不可倒裝。
例句：
原句：If mybiggerbrotherwerehere, he wouldhelp usto move the heavy box.
倒裝：Weremybiggerbrother here, he wouldhelp usto move the heavy box.
原句：If the childhadbeen more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.
倒裝：Hadthe child been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.
原句：If youshouldmake great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.
倒裝：Shouldyou make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.
虛擬語氣詞：should
很簡單，三種形式
�。�1）It is suggested/requested/ordered, etc.（具有命令，建議，要求等口吻的動詞過去分詞） + that sb should （should可省略） do （動詞原形） sth.
注：這類動詞還可以有其他三種從句形式來代替。
例如：
原句：
It is suggested that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
賓語從句：
I suggest that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
表語從句：
My suggestion is that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
同位語從句：
Iprovided a suggestion that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
�。�2）It is necessary/important/indispensable, etc. （帶有主觀色彩的形容詞）+ that sb (should) do sth.
（3）It is a pity/a shame, etc. （名詞性詞組）+ that sb (should) do sth.
虛擬語氣特殊句型：
It is high （high可省略） time that…該是……的時候了
“that…”從句動詞可以用
�。�1）過去時
（2）should（不能省略）+ 動詞原形
例句：
It is (high) time that weshoulddraw up a contract.
It is (high) time that we drew up acontract.（草擬合同）
含蓄虛擬語氣
除了常規(guī)的連詞if以外，還可以借助其他介詞、介詞詞組、句子來引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣從句。
1.Without “要是沒有……”
例句：Withoutthe rescue of firefighters timely, our lives would not have been saved.
2. But for “要不是……”
例句：But foryour professional help,Icould not have achieved such a big progress inmedical community.
3. Under…“在某種情況下……”
例句：Under such circumstances, the criminal would not have perpetrated acts of violence upon children.
4. With…“有……的前提下”
例句：Withthe data collected one month earlier, we could finish the project more efficiently.
5. In the absence of…“如果沒有……”
例句：In the absence oflaw, women would continue to lack their rights to vote ontheirown.
6. Otherwise “否則”
例句：Wedidn’tknow his educationalbackgroundand achievement in this field,otherwisewe would have fired him.
7. If it were not for…“要不是…… （用于現(xiàn)在的情況）”
例句：If it were not forthe brilliant guidance ofthe Communist Party of China, we could not lead a happy life.
8. If it had not been for…“要不是…… （用于過去/已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況）”
例句：If it had not been formy illness,Iwould have attended this important meeting last Monday.
倒裝：Had it not been formy illness,Iwould have attended this important meeting last Monday.
9. as if/as though…“好像…似的”
按照具體的語境，既可以用虛擬語氣（表示與實際情況相反、主觀臆斷）、也可以用陳述語氣（表示實現(xiàn)的可能性較大或所說情況即是事實）
例句：
Time can take away our happinessandsadnessas if/thoughitwasendowed with magic power.（與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣）
Myteacherhas contributed herself a lotas if/thoughshewasa candle, which lights othersandconsumes itself.（與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣）
The studentstudiedindustriouslyas if/thoughhehad never felttiredandexhausted.（與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣）
The boy still stays calmas if/thoughhehas knownthe beginning and the endof the matteralready.（就是事實，按實際的時態(tài)即可）
四、定語從句
簡明概述：定語從句在句中充當(dāng)定語的角色，修飾句中前面所提到的名/代詞。被修飾的名/代詞稱為先行詞。
關(guān)系代詞 （who, whom, whose, which, that）：
注：沒有what
關(guān)系代詞所代替的主要是人或物的名/代詞，在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。
who, whom, that都可代替人
例句：
Isthe boywho/thatcheated in the examination? (who/that作為從句主語，代替the boy)
He isthe manwhom/thatwe won’t recruit due to his criminal records. (who/that作為從句賓語，代替the man)
whose 可指代人或物
注：如果whose指物的話，也可以用of which來代替。
例句：
Our conversation was stopped bya manwhosehair is blonde.
I lent himthis bookwhosepages curled up due to my constant use.
=I lent himthis bookthe pages of whichcurled up due to my constant use.
which, that 代替事物
例句：
We’ll never forgettheatrocious violencewhich/thatwascommitted byJapanese soldiers.
Isthat fashion show(which/that) you were talking about just now?（作賓語時可�。�
關(guān)系副詞 （when, where, why）：
關(guān)系副詞分別代替的先行詞為時間、地點和原因，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語的角色。
注：when, where, why 也可用“介詞 + which”來代替。
例句：
This wasthe momentwhen/at whichthe two sides reached a deadlock againandterminatedtheirnegotiation.
Xi’anis one of the most famous cultural citieswhere/in whichmillions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.
Is thisthe reasonwhy/for whichthere is a severe shortage of funds for ourresearch?
注：that是可以代替關(guān)系副詞的，即that可取代“when, where, why”和“介詞+which”的形式。（在口語中that可省略）
注：介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略，而且that前不能有介詞
例句轉(zhuǎn)換：
This wasthe momentthatthe two sides reached a deadlock againandterminatedtheirnegotiation.
Xi’anis one of the most famous cultural citiesthatmillions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.
Is thisthe reasonthatthere is a severe shortage of funds for ourresearch?
限制性/非限制性定語從句
重點概括整理：限制性定語從句先行詞是不能省略的，因為省了先行詞的話，句子的意思就會變得不完整和不明確，缺少必要的說明解釋。而非限制性定語從句是先行詞的額外說明，是可以省略的，省了也不會影響句子的意思和整體性，并且與主句之間常用“，”隔開。
比較例句：
This isthe book(which/that)Ibought yesterday. （限制性）
This book,Ibought yesterday, is very inspiring. （非限制性）
通常是非限制性定語從句的情況分析：
Steven Spielberg, (whom)Iadmire very much in Hollywood movie-making field, wonanotherOscar Award this year. （專有名詞/人名）
Mybeloved dog, (which)Ibought 5 years ago, has caught a bad cold recently. （有物主代詞的時候）
Thisexperiment, which was conducted last weekends, proves to be a big success. （有指示代詞的時候）
Her child was always absent-minded in learningandfailed in exams,whichmade herdisappointedonce again. （由which代替整句主句）
關(guān)系代詞that的特殊用法總結(jié)（只能用that的情況）：
先行詞既包含人又包含物，只用that，不用which
例句：The volunteers were talking aboutthe nonprofit organization and its staffthatmadean indelible impressionon them.
當(dāng)不定代詞作為先行詞（如anyone，anything，nothing，any，everything，something，little，few，much，all等），只用that，不用which
例句：He sharedeverythingwith usthataroused his interest in chemistry at school.
先行詞用the only/very 修飾時，只用that，不用which
例句：The girl isthe onlystudentthatwill blush with shyness when talking with boys.
先行詞是序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that，不用which
例句：
ThefirstEnglishawardthatIwonwasanEnglishdebate competition held byForeign Languages Instituteat my university.
Thiswasthebusiestperiodthatwe spent last year in project-consultingandresearch industry.
在There be句型中，只用that，不用which
例句：There wasa shipthatpassed through a strait.
五、名詞性從句
簡明概述：名詞性從句在句中相當(dāng)于名詞詞組/成分。由于它在復(fù)合句中能作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等，因此名詞性從句（總稱）又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等。
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞重點概括如下：
1. 連接詞：that, whether, if （只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不作任何成分）
2. 連接代詞：what (whatever), who (whoever), whom, whose, which (whichever)
3. 連接副詞：when, where, why, how
注：連接代詞和連接副詞作主語時，也常用it作先行詞放在句首作為形式主語。
例句：
Itis doubtfulwhyhis parents are determined sopersistentlyto send the young boy abroad for further study.
Ithas not been decided yetwhowill take the responsibility to negotiate with the government.
注（1）：引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞不可省略
例句：Thatthe candidate was selected as the Party Chairman made us excited.
注（2）：引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞不可省略
例句：We worried aboutthe forecastthatthere would be only a few affordable apartments prepared forblue-collar workersin tier-one cities（一線城市）in the following three years.
注（3）：表示“是否”的時候，只用whether不用if的情況
1.后有“or not”
例句：It is unknown to allwhetherthe new policy can improve the standard of people’s livesor not.
2. 引導(dǎo)表語從句
例句：The keynote iswhetherchildren’s safety can be guaranteed.
3. 引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首
例句：Whetherthe experiment could be conducted (or not) remained unknown to the students.
4.作介詞賓語
例句：The childisfearful ofwhetheranother war will break out at any moment.
六、倒裝
簡明概述：倒裝句由全部倒裝和部分倒裝組成。全部倒裝是把句中的謂語部分全部挪到主語前面，時態(tài)通常是一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時；部分倒裝則是將謂語的一部分，如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞倒裝于主語之前。如果謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需要我們幫助補充助動詞，如do，does，did，并將它們放在主語的前面。
全部倒裝（時態(tài)通常是一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時）：
A.句中如有副詞here, there, now, then, away, hence, thus, etc.位于句首，謂語動詞為come, go, be, stand, fall, lie, etc.
典型例句：
Awayran the child.
Therelives a tiger.
Hereis your money.
B. 表示方位/運動方向的副詞（如in, out, away, off, up, down, etc.）位于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞（如come, go, jump, run, swim, stand, rush, etc.）。
例句：Awayswam a whale.
C.地點狀語位于句首
例句：Under the treerested an old lady.
D.There be…句型
例句：
There is（注意主謂一致）a radio, twotelevisionsetsandten chairs in this room.
Therearemany TV programs in prime time（黃金時間段）.
注：全部倒裝只有在主語是名詞的前提下才能全部倒裝，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能全部倒裝。
對比例句：
Awayran the child. Awayheran.
Therelives a tiger. Thereitlives.
部分倒裝：
A.句首有否定或半否定的詞語（注：如果否定詞不在句首，則不需要倒裝），Eg:No, Not, None, Nobody, Nowhere, Never, Little, Few, Seldom, Hardly, At no time, In no way, Not until…, Not only…but also…, Hardly…when…, Scarcely…when…, Nosooner…than…, etc.
例句：
Nowherecan you find a place better than your home.
In no waycouldyou destroy theincontrovertibleevidence.
At no timecan a country use force towards a vulnerable group.
NeverhaveIscolded my child even if he has made any mistakes.
重點：Not until…
總結(jié)：主句倒裝，從句不倒裝；否定詞不在句首不需倒裝
例句對比：
Not untilthat time（名詞短語）didIknow why she chose to leave me without any hesitation.
=Ididn’tknow why she chose to leave me without any hesitationuntilthat time.
Not untilthe childmade a full recovery from theheartoperation（從句）did his father go abroad on business.
= The fatherdidn’tgo abroad on businessuntilthe child made a full recovery from the heart operation.
重點：Not only…but also…
1.Not only A but also B，若A和B是名詞性短語，則不需要倒裝
例句：
Not onlystudentsbut alsoteachersshould keep studying continuouslyandabsorb new knowledge tobroadentheir minds.
2.Not only A but also B，若A和B都是分句的話，則A倒裝，B不倒裝。
對比例句：
Not onlyshould we reconstruct economy,but alsocreate more positions for the unemployed.
We shouldnot onlyreconstruct economy,but alsocreate more positions for the unemployed.
重點：Hardly…when…; Scarcely…when…; No sooner…than…
對比例句（注意時態(tài)：前過完后過去時）：
Hardlyhad Ileft homewhenmy dog barked.
I hadhardlyleft homewhenmy dog barked.
Scarcelyhad we goneoutof the classroomwhenit began to rain.
We hadscarcelygone out of the classroomwhenit began to rain.
No soonerhad the Chairmandeclared the result of thecontestthanthecontestantshivered with excitement.
The Chairman hadno soonerdeclared the result of the contestthanthecontestantshivered with excitement.
B.Only 位于句首要部分倒裝
1.Onlyby this means/in this way（短語）can you notice the importance of efficient study methods.
2.Onlyafter making the same mistake twice（從句）will he learn a lesson.（主句部分倒裝，從句不倒裝）
C.So…that…句型中若so位于句首，則需要部分倒裝
例句：
Soangry was the boythathe decided to break off friendly relations with his friends（斷絕友誼）.
D.May在表示祝愿的句子中位于句首，要部分倒裝
例句：
MayGod bless you!
Maythis transportation handbook help you to travel in Singapore.
E.虛擬語氣的倒裝
如果從句中有were，should，had，就需要部分倒裝。將if省略，再把were，should，had挪到從句的句首。（虛擬語氣中已經(jīng)講明）
七、主謂一致
簡明概述：主謂一致即主語與謂語在語法單復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。本章節(jié)重點羅列了英語專四考試中經(jīng)常會考到且常出現(xiàn)的幾種情況以供大家參考、復(fù)習(xí)。
以“s”結(jié)尾的書名、雜志名、國家名、組織名，雖然字面上是“復(fù)數(shù)”形式，但其實只能作為一個獨立的個/整體。所以作主語時，謂語動詞要為單數(shù)。
典型例句：
The United Stateshas50 states.
The Forbes（《福布斯》雜志）wasfounded in 1917.
The United Nationshastaken steps toamelioratethis situation.
并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
例句對比：
Studyingandworkingareboth indispensableandshould be balanced evenly. （當(dāng)A和B分別指兩個不同概念的時候，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)）
The diplomatanduniversity professorhastaught me a lot. （當(dāng)A和B由and連接，A前有“the”，B前卻無定冠詞時，兩者表示指代的為同一人或事物，謂語需用單數(shù)）
就近原則：There be
“There be”中“be”的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近它的名詞。
比較例句：
Therearetwotables, one chair left in that classroom.
Thereisonechairandtwo tables left in that classroom.
Thereisoneor two thingsI’dlike to share with you now.
就近原則：either…or…; neither…nor…; A or B; 連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由最靠近它的主語決定
對比例句：
Either you orthat boyisto be punished.
Neither that boy noryouareto be punished.
就近原則：not only…but also…
對比例句：
Not only you but alsothat girlwantsthe toy.
Not only you but alsoIamkeen on jazz music.
就近原則：Here…
對比例句：
Hereisone penandtwo drawings on the desk.
Herearetwo drawingsandone pen on the desk.
就近原則：not…but…“不是……而是……”
例句：Not the subject teacher butthecolorfultextbookswhetmy appetite for more study.
謂語單數(shù)：none of + 可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞 + V單
neither of + 可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞 + V單
either of + 可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞 + V單
注：在口語中有時上述三種情況也可以用V復(fù)（但只是在后跟可數(shù)名詞的時候），但是考點大部分是以考查V單為重點
總結(jié)：none of + 可數(shù)名詞+ V單/復(fù)
neither of + 可數(shù)名詞+ V單/復(fù)
either of + 可數(shù)名詞+ V單/復(fù)
例句：None ofriceisto be wasted.
Neither ofthe two hotelsboasts/boasta swimming pool.
Either ofyoutakes/takethe responsibility to clean the oven.
就遠原則：with, along with, together with, like, except, but, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, as much as, rather than, etc.
例句：
Her bodyexcept her feethasbeen recovered from the accident.
The two boysrather than that girlweregivingan instrumental performancejust now.
A good attitudetogether with superiorEnglish-speaking skillsleadsto the success of thecompetition.
Experienced health-care professionalsin addition to state-of-the-art facilitiesguaranteethe highqualityof the hospital.
謂語單數(shù)：主語由every, each, some, no, any, no one, one, thing等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞
例句：
Eachof usenjoysthe fashion show.
He felt thatsomethingstrangewasleaning towards him.
謂語單數(shù)：表示距離，金錢，時間，度量的復(fù)合名詞作主語時，通常把這些名詞看做一個整體，因此謂語要用單數(shù)形式
例句：
Anothertwo hoursisenough to get fully prepared for the contest.
Twocentimeterswaspermitted for average error of manufacturing this kind of machine in ancient times.
看具體情況而定：如果名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同型，就要根據(jù)語境中的實際意義及修飾這些詞的詞來確定其謂語形式。這些詞如：aircraft, species, series, deer, fish, sheep, headquarters, means, etc.
例句：
Manypossiblemeanshavebeen tried to settle the dispute.
Eachaircraftisequipped with the most advanced technology.（根據(jù)所修飾的詞each來判斷）
Sheepareraisedfor their wool and meat.（按語境中的含義）
看具體情況而定：some, all, most, any, half, enough, the rest, the remainder, etc. 和疑問代詞what, who, which, whatever, whoever, whichever, etc. 的謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的含義來決定。
例句：
Whoareshouting there?
Whateverwasthe matter?
Six students went abroad for further education from the key high school, butmostarejunior students.
Rice flour is one of the ingredients to make the cake andmostischeap.
看具體情況而定：集合名詞的謂語單復(fù)數(shù)要根據(jù)所代表的含義來決定。這些詞有：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee, army, club, couple, enemy, group, government, jury, party, personnel, staff, team, union, etc. 當(dāng)它們表示一個整體的概念時，謂語用單數(shù)形式；當(dāng)表示集體中的每一個成員時，謂語則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例句：
Herfamilyarehappy to help others.（她家庭中的每一個成員）
Thejuryismade up of twelve people.（陪審團作為一個整體的概念）
謂語復(fù)數(shù)：集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry, folk, youth在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例句：
Thepoliceareon the scene（在現(xiàn)場）.
Peopleleada safeandhappy life in Canada due to sound lawandorder.
謂語單數(shù)：the number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + V單
an amount of + 不可數(shù)名詞 + V單
a quantity of + 不可數(shù)名詞 + V單
謂語復(fù)數(shù)：a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + V復(fù)
amounts of + 不可數(shù)名詞 + V復(fù)
quantities of + 不可數(shù)名詞 + V復(fù)
就近原則：half of, part of, most of, a portion of等詞的謂語單復(fù)數(shù)通常與of后面的名/代詞保持一致。
例句：
A portion ofseafoodwasreserved for him.
Most ofteenagerstendto spend money like water.
Part ofher timeisprepared for taking care of her children.
謂語單數(shù)：Many a + 名詞單數(shù) + V單
例句：
Manya pageof the dictionaryhascurled up from constantandneglectful use.
謂語單數(shù)：More than one + 名詞單數(shù) + V單
例句：
Thereismore thanone oil-producing countrythreatening to cut off supplies to Japan.
More thanone chapterisbrought to our attention when it comes to Africanliterature.
謂語復(fù)數(shù)：以“s”結(jié)尾表示群島，瀑布，山脈等專有名詞的謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例句：
The Alps（阿爾卑斯山脈）providea perfect scenery.
謂語復(fù)數(shù)：在表示姓氏的專有名詞前加the，詞尾加-s，表示一家人時，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)
例句：
The Smithsarevery nice and will take care of my dog whenIspend my holidays in foreign countries.
謂語單數(shù)：以“-ics”結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科或疾病的名詞作主語時，謂語要用單數(shù)。這些詞如：linguistics, politics, mathematics,statistics, optics, economics, physics, electronics, acoustics, mumps（腮腺炎）, measles（麻疹）, etc.
注：如果這些名詞表示的是具體的觀點、數(shù)據(jù)、實踐活動或性能現(xiàn)象時，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)。
對比例句：
Measlesisknown asan infectious illness.
Politicsisa subject.（政治學(xué)）
Hispoliticspoint outthat he will have to use force inthe worst-case scenario.（政治觀點）
Statisticsisone of my majors in university.（統(tǒng)計學(xué)）
Statisticsshowthat the number of homeless people is increasingly expanding in this region.（統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)）
謂語復(fù)數(shù)：the + (a.) 指代一類人
例句：
The oldneedmore free public health-care services provided from the administration.
注：但是當(dāng)根據(jù)上下文語境，the + (a.)指個人時，謂語要用單數(shù)形式
例句：
The accusedwassentenced tofourteen yearsof imprisonment.
謂語單數(shù)：the + (a.) 表示某類事物
例句：
The beautifulmakesus feel better when in the face of pressure.
謂語單數(shù)：動名詞和不定式由“and”連接，指同一概念或事情時，謂語用單數(shù)；若指不同概念的兩件事時，則用復(fù)數(shù)
例句：
Weepingandwailingisuseless to solve any problems.
Reading detective novelsandplaying the pianoaremyfavoritehobbies.
謂語復(fù)數(shù)：分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + N復(fù)–––V復(fù)
謂語單數(shù)：分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + N單/不可數(shù)–––V單
謂語復(fù)數(shù)：and/both…and…連接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時（不同概念），V復(fù)
例句：
Workandrelaxationareregarded as two importantingredientsin our daily lives.
注：但是如果指同一事件或同一概念時，用V單
這些詞組有時是固定的，如：
love and hate 愛與恨
law and order 法律和秩序
warandpeace 戰(zhàn)爭與和平
whiskyandsoda 威士忌加蘇打
ham and eggs 火腿雞蛋
knife and fork 刀叉
wheel and axle 輪軸
needle and thread 針線
例句：
Whiskyandsodatastesgood.
Warand peaceappearsfrequently in worldwide literature.
謂語一定用單數(shù)的其他詞組還有：
Each…andeach…+ V單
Every…andevery…+ V單
No…andno…+ V單
數(shù)學(xué)加法、乘法作主語時，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)都可；減法和除法作主語時，謂語則用單數(shù)形式
對比例句：
4plus6equal(s)10.
4times6is/are24.
20minus6leaves14.
20divided by2is10.
八、情態(tài)動詞要點概括
�。ㄒ唬⿲Ρ萩an與be able to：
1. 若表示在過去成功地做了某件事時，只能用was/were able to，不能用could
例句：
The patientwas able toget over his illness.
= The patientmanaged toget over his illness.
2. 比較肯定的否定推測用can’t，不用mustn’t
例句：
If the chefdidn’tgive him the secret recipe, hecan’tdo the dish.
注：could不表示時態(tài)，它的主要作用為：
1. 提出委婉的請求（答句中通常用can）
例句：
—CouldIhave a temporary break?
—Yes, youcan. / No, youcan’t.
2. 在否定句中表示推測，意為“不可能”
例句：
Hecouldn’tperpetrate such a brutal crime since he is alwaysas cowardly as a mouse.
�。ǘ⿲Ρ萴ay與might：
might在表示推測時，可能性比may小，且不表示時態(tài)
注：固定搭配詞組：may/might as well do sth “不妨”
注：could與might 在表示推測的時候，推測的程度不如can與may，且都不表示時態(tài)。
（三）must表示推測：
1. 當(dāng)must表示對現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事情推測時，must后跟動詞的進行時
例句：
The studentmust be studyingin his room now since the final exam is approaching.
2. 當(dāng)must 表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情推測時，must后跟動詞的完成時
例句：
Hemust have goneto work since he wasn’t at home.
3. 當(dāng)must 表示對過去某時正在發(fā)生的事情進行推測時，后接動詞的完成進行時
例句：
The old manmust have been talkingwith another lady, so hedidn’tanswer the phone in time.
�。ㄋ模﹉ad better“最好做某事”
后跟動詞原形，即had better do sth
注：had better have done sth意為“本來最好做某事”，表示與事實相反的結(jié)果
例句：
You had betterhave seen her offat the airport.（你本應(yīng)該送機的）
�。ㄎ澹┛偨Y(jié)：“寧愿做某事”would rather do sth;
“寧愿不做某事”would rather not do sth
“寧愿做……而不愿做……”would rather do sth than do sth
would sooner do sth than do sth
had rather do sth than do sth
had sooner do sth than do sth
例句：
Iwould sooneron businessthanat home.（介詞詞組）
我寧愿出差在外也不想呆在家里。
Ihad ratherwork overtimethango to the cinema with that guy.
我寧愿加班也不愿意和那人去看電影。
�。┨厥獾谋粍雍x總結(jié)：
need, want, require, worth（形容詞）后接doing表示被動的含義，具體如下：
need doing = need to be done
want doing = want to be done
require doing = require to be done
be worth doing = be worth to be done
例句：
The clothesrequire washing. = The clothesrequire to be washed.
The flowersneed watering. = The flowersneed to be watered.
九、其他語法重點概括
�。ㄒ唬⿵娬{(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)：
It is/was 被強調(diào)部分 + that/who + 句子其他部分
例句：
原句：The girl cleaned the ovenin the canteen yesterdayafternoon.
強調(diào)主語：It wasthe girlwhocleaned the oven in the canteen yesterday afternoon.
強調(diào)賓語：It wasthe oventhatthe girl cleaned in the canteen yesterday afternoon.
強調(diào)時間：It wasyesterday afternoonthatthe girl cleaned the oven in the canteen.（不用when）
強調(diào)地點：It wasin thecanteenthatthegirlcleaned the oven yesterday afternoon.
�。ǘ┰蜿P(guān)系：
表示原因時的“for”一般都會放在兩個分句中間。
注：如果不是直接說明原因，而是推斷，就只能用for
例句：
Hecouldn’thave handed in his resignation,forhe didn’t go to office this morning.
�。ㄈ皀o matter + 疑問詞”及“疑問詞 + -ever”
no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
例句：
No matter whathis parents say, he will not give up the girl.
=Whateverhis parents say, he will not give up the girl.
注：“No matter + 疑問詞”不能引導(dǎo)主語從句
例句：
√Whateverhis parents say is likewater off a ducks backto him.
不管他父母對他說什么，他都當(dāng)成耳邊風(fēng)不加理會。
×No matter whathis parents say islike water off a ducks backto him.
注：“no matter + 疑問詞”也不能引導(dǎo)賓語從句
√ The servant has to acceptwhateverhis master gives.
主人施舍什么，傭人就只能接受什么。
× The servant has toacceptno matter whathis master gives.
�。ㄋ模┍容^and和or
否定句中的并列結(jié)構(gòu)要用“or”來連接，但含有兩個否定詞的并列結(jié)構(gòu)要用“and”，具體情況請參照以下對比例句：
對比例句：
There isnoriceorflour on the table.
There isnoriceandnoflour on the table.
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