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動(dòng)詞不定式的用法
不定式由“to + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成,其否定形式是“not to + 動(dòng)詞原形”。不定式可以帶賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化,但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。不定式可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)有時(shí)有“for + 名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成。
1.不定式的用法
1)作主語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),往往放在謂語(yǔ)之后,用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
To see is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2)作賓語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),往往把不定式賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后,而用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
He wanted to go.
I find it interesting to study history.
有些動(dòng)詞后只能用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ),必須跟動(dòng)名詞。如:decide,plan,desire,expect,hope, wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,tend,pretend,manage
3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:
He asked me to do the work with him.
注意:在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to。但這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。如:
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:動(dòng)詞不定式在介詞but后面時(shí),如果介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to。另外,在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如:
She could do nothing but cry.
I have no choice but to go.
4)作定語(yǔ)。如:
I have some books for you to read.
、僮鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。如:
He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
但是,不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。如:
He had not money and no place to live.
②當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但其含義有所不同。試比較:
Have you anything to send ?
(你有什么東西要寄嗎?——不定式to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”)
Have you anything to be seat.
[你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?——不定式to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”]
5)作狀語(yǔ),表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。如:
I came here to see you. (目的)
We were very excited to hear the news. (原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (結(jié)果)
To look at him, you would like him. (條件)
目的狀語(yǔ)還可以用in order to或so as to來(lái)表示但so as to不能置于句首。如:
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late.
不定式也可以在作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)。如:
I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer.
“too + 形容詞或副詞 + 不定式”作狀語(yǔ)。如:
He is too old to do that.
另外,句子中有enough這個(gè)詞時(shí),常用不定式作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
The room is big enough to hold us.
6)作表語(yǔ)。如:
My job is to help the patient.
7)作獨(dú)立成分。如:
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.
8)不定式與疑問(wèn)詞who,which,when,where,how,what等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如:
He didn’t know what to say. (賓語(yǔ))
How to solve the problem is very important. (主語(yǔ))
注意:在與why連用時(shí),只用于why或why not開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)短疑問(wèn)句中,后面緊跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。例如:
Why not have a rest ?
9)不定式在句中用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式,多數(shù)情況下是容易判斷的,但有時(shí)的確比較復(fù)雜,請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
、俨欢ㄊ叫揎椀拿~或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。如:
Have you got a key to unlock the door ?
(A key unlocks the door. )
、诓欢ㄊ胶退懊姹恍揎椀拿~或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和該句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。
I have got a letter to write. (I write letter. )
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room. )
I know what to do. (I do what. )
但這句如改為下列形式,不定式就得用被動(dòng)形式:I know what is to be done.
這是因?yàn)閣hat is to be done是賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中的主語(yǔ)what是動(dòng)詞do的動(dòng)作對(duì)象。
、鄄欢ㄊ阶鞅碚Z(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ),和句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),不定式多用主動(dòng)形式,這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for sb. 。如:
He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)
The book is difficult to understand. (to understand the book)
、茉趖here be結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式;如果說(shuō)話(huà)人強(qiáng)調(diào)的事情本身必須完成,則用被動(dòng)形式。
There is a lot of work to do. (Somebody has to do the work. )
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )
請(qǐng)注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義是不同的:
There is nothing to do. (無(wú)事可做,感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done. (某東西壞了,無(wú)法使之恢復(fù)正常。)
2.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
1)不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。例如:
I saw him go out.
2)如果謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí),不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。例如:
He pretended to be reading a book when she went in.
3)如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,就要用完成式。例如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3.不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。如:
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
It is possible for our hopes to be realized.
4.不定式符號(hào)to的保留問(wèn)題
有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),可以用to來(lái)代替前面的不定式,這種情況常出現(xiàn)下列動(dòng)詞后:expect,prefer,care,mean,forget,want,wish,hope,try以及be glad/happy等后。
如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be,have,have been,這些詞要保留。如:
—Are you on holidays ?
—No, but I’d like to be.
—I didn’t tell him the news.
—Oh, you ought to have.
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