商務(wù)英語(yǔ)活學(xué)活用之公司運(yùn)營(yíng)不佳
�、�.核心學(xué)習(xí)：公司發(fā)生了糟糕的事
Billy: Howdy, how are you all doing?
比利：你好，你們都還好嗎？
Michael: We are just fine. How about you and your company?
邁克爾：我們都很好。你和你的公司最近怎么樣？
Billy: As well as can be expected.
比利：預(yù)見(jiàn)之中。
Michael: What happened?
邁克爾：發(fā)生什么事了？
Billy: Can’t you guess?
比利：你不能猜猜嗎？
Michael: Did your company go bankrupt?
邁克爾：你的公司破產(chǎn)了嗎？
Billy: You hit the nail on the head. We went bankrupt.
比利：你說(shuō)的一點(diǎn)沒(méi)錯(cuò)。我們的公司關(guān)門大吉了。
Michael: I am sorry to hear that.
邁克爾：很難過(guò)聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息。
Billy: Not as sorry as we are.
比利：沒(méi)有我們那么難過(guò)。
Michael: Is there anything I can do for you?
邁克爾：我可以幫你什么忙嗎？
Billy: Now we are all in debt and unemployed. Can you lend us some money and help us find new jobs?
比利：現(xiàn)在我們都欠債累累而且失業(yè)在家了。你能借給我們一些錢并幫我們找到工作嗎？
Michael: I will do my best. I will try.
邁克爾：我會(huì)盡力而為。我會(huì)努力幫你們的。
�、�.單詞簡(jiǎn)析
1) A dime a dozen : common, easy to find
普通的，容易找到的
ex:Low-paying jobs are a dime a dozen.
要想找到一份低工資的工作是輕而易舉的事情。
2) Bankrupt : to lose all of your money, be broke
破產(chǎn)
ex:Ned’s company is in bad shape. They are almost bankrupt.
耐德的公司經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況很糟糕，他們幾乎要面臨破產(chǎn)的邊緣。
3) Debt : to owe money,
債務(wù)，欠債
ex:My company is already in debt for one million dollars. I will do my best to pay you back.
我的公司已經(jīng)欠了1百萬(wàn)美元，我會(huì)盡我最大的努力償還你的錢。
4)Surplus : extra; too much
盈余，剩余
ex:Our store has a surplus of product.
我們的商店還有大量的產(chǎn)品積壓。
5) You hit the nail on the head : yes, exactly
正確無(wú)誤
ex:Yes, you are right, you hit the nail on the head.
是的，你對(duì)了，完全正確。
Ⅲ.課文篇
Bad Things That Can Happen at a Company
對(duì)于一個(gè)公司來(lái)說(shuō)可能發(fā)生的糟糕的事情。
1) The worst thing that can happen to a company is bankruptcy. That is when the company loses all of its money and has to close its doors.
1) 對(duì)于一個(gè)公司來(lái)說(shuō)，能夠發(fā)生的最糟糕的事是破產(chǎn)。公司破產(chǎn)的時(shí)候就是公司的錢已經(jīng)空了，不得不關(guān)門大吉的時(shí)候。
2) Another tragic, but common event is being deep in debt. After borrowing money, you must pay back the loan. However, if you don’t have the money, you will have to borrow money from person B to pay back person A. This situation sends you deeper in debt.
2) 另外一件悲慘的事情、但是很常見(jiàn)的事是公司陷入債務(wù)的泥潭中無(wú)法拔出來(lái)。在你借錢后就要面臨歸還貸款的那一天。然而當(dāng)你沒(méi)有足夠的錢還款的時(shí)候，你就得從B某人那里借錢用來(lái)還欠的A某人的錢。這種環(huán)環(huán)相扣的借錢還錢的狀況會(huì)使你的財(cái)政狀況變得更糟。
3) Having a huge surplus of goods can also be a bad thing. Most businesses work on a supply and demand system. If there is less of a product, you can sell it for a higher price. If there is too much of a product, you must sell it for less, thus losing money.
3) 儲(chǔ)存大量的產(chǎn)品貨物也是一件糟糕的事情。大多數(shù)的商務(wù)工作都是基于一種供求體系。如果市場(chǎng)上的某一種貨物稀少，你就可以出高一些的價(jià)錢來(lái)出售。如果市場(chǎng)上某種貨物的供應(yīng)很多，那么你就需要以相對(duì)低的價(jià)格把貨物賣出去，這樣一來(lái)你得到的錢就少了一些。
�、�.對(duì)話篇
Gordon: Howdy, how’s business?
戈登：你好，你的生意進(jìn)展得如何？
Molly: As well as can be expected since we are deep in debt.
莫莉：就象可以預(yù)見(jiàn)到的，我們欠債了。
Gordon: I am sorry to hear that. But didn’t you say you had a surplus of your products?
戈登：很抱歉聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息。可是我記得你說(shuō)過(guò)你的庫(kù)房里有很多積壓的產(chǎn)品。
Molly: Our surplus is hurting sales. Everyone already has one. No one is buying our products now.
莫莉：我們的積壓產(chǎn)品對(duì)銷售有百害而無(wú)一利。每個(gè)人都已經(jīng)有了我們的產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)在沒(méi)人再買我們的產(chǎn)品了。
Gordon: That sounds bad, real bad. Aren’t you afraid of going bankrupt?
戈登：那聽(tīng)上去太糟糕了，真的太糟糕了。難道你不害怕破產(chǎn)嗎？
Molly: You hit the nail on the head. We are worried.
莫莉：你說(shuō)到了我的痛處。我們現(xiàn)在很擔(dān)心這一點(diǎn)。
Gordon: I am sorry to hear that.Let me know if you need a new job.
戈登：我很抱歉聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息。如果你需要找到一份新工作的話，請(qǐng)告訴我。
Molly: I have no plans of being unemployed. However, it may happen if we go broke.
莫莉：我現(xiàn)在對(duì)于失業(yè)還沒(méi)有計(jì)劃。然而，如果我們破產(chǎn)的話，這可能會(huì)發(fā)生的。
Gordon: Try to keep a positive attitude.
戈登：盡量保持一種積極的態(tài)度。
Molly: I guess you are right. Thanks for the advice.
莫莉：我猜你說(shuō)得沒(méi)錯(cuò)。謝謝你的建議。
Gordon: Anytime.
戈登：不客氣。
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)活學(xué)活用 要求加薪的技巧（1）
�、�.核心學(xué)習(xí)：要求加薪的技巧
Billy: How is your new position at the company?
比利：你在公司的新職位怎么樣？
Michael: Same old, same old. How about you?
邁克爾：老樣子，沒(méi)什么變化。你呢？
Billy: I’m A-Ok. I heard that you are applying for a raise. You really deserve it.
比利：我很好。我聽(tīng)說(shuō)你要申請(qǐng)加薪，你確實(shí)應(yīng)該加薪。
Michael: I guess so, but I am nervous.
邁克爾：我也這么想，可是我有點(diǎn)緊張。
Billy: Why are you nervous, you are a hard worker and the staff members all like you, right?
比利：為什么緊張，你很努力，大家也都很喜歡你，不是嗎？
Michael: That is correct, but I am afraid to talk with the manager. I never know how to ask for a raise.
邁克爾：沒(méi)錯(cuò)，可我害怕跟經(jīng)理說(shuō)，我不知道怎么要求加薪。
Billy: No problem, I will help you practice. I will give you self-confidence.
比利：沒(méi)問(wèn)題，我?guī)湍闶痉兑幌�，你�?huì)有自信的。
Michael: You would do that for me? You are A-OK.
邁克爾：你愿意幫我？你真棒。
Billy: I will make you a shoe-in for the raise.
比利：我保證你能得到加薪。
�、�.單詞簡(jiǎn)析
1) A-OK : fine, great (spoken English only)
很好，了不起
ex:I hope everything is A-OK with Tom. He is late.
湯姆遲到了，我希望他沒(méi)事。
2) A shoe-in : must win, best candidate
最佳人選
ex:You are a shoe-in for the job.
你是這工作的最佳人選。
3) Promotion : getting a higher station
升職
ex:Great news, I got the promotion. Now I am a senior account manager.
好消息，我升職了，現(xiàn)在我是高級(jí)客戶經(jīng)理。
4) Persuade : change one’s mind, talk into
勸說(shuō)
ex:After a lot of talking, my wife persuaded me to get a new job.
經(jīng)過(guò)再三勸說(shuō)，妻子說(shuō)服了我去找一份新工作。
5) Superior : one higher than you, your boss
上司
ex:I must give a report to my superiors this afternoon.
今天下午我必須向上司匯報(bào)。
6) Worthy : able, valuable
值得的
Tom is worthy an award for his high score on the test.
湯姆應(yīng)該為他的考試高分得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。
Ⅲ.課文篇
Step one: Show that you are worthy of a raise or promotion. (Note# a raise is a pay increase，while a promotion is an increase in status.)
Step two: Ask the manager or boss for an appointment.
Step three: Convince and persuade your superior to give you the raise.
Step four: Thank your superior.
Step five: Repeat steps 1-4 until you get the raise or promotion.
第一步：證明你應(yīng)該得到加薪或升職。（注：RAISE 指的是加薪，PROMOTION指的是升職）
第二步：要求與經(jīng)理或老板會(huì)面。
第三步：說(shuō)服上司給你加薪。
第四步：感謝上司。
第五步：重復(fù)1-4步直到得到加薪或升職。
Examples of showing you are worthy:
Q: Pardon me, Mr. Peterson, have you seen my latest report?
Q: Here is a progress report detailing my efforts of late.
Examples of asking for an appointment:
Q: Pardon me, sir, do you have time at 2:30 to discuss something important with me?
Q: I would like to make an appointment to talk with you, sir.
Examples of persuading:
Q: Seeing my motivation and experience, what kind of raise can I expect?
Q: My work record speaks for itself, look at all my achievements.
Examples of thanking your boss:
Q:Thanks for your time.
Q:Sir I appreciate your time.
例句1 （證明你應(yīng)該得到加薪）
Q：對(duì)不起先生，您看了我最近的報(bào)告了嗎？
Q：這份是我最近工作進(jìn)展的詳細(xì)報(bào)告。
例句2（要求會(huì)面）
Q：對(duì)不起先生，您兩點(diǎn)半有時(shí)間嗎？我有重要的事要跟您談。
Q：先生，我想跟您約個(gè)時(shí)間談?wù)劇?/p>
例句3（說(shuō)服）
Q：就我的積極性和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，我應(yīng)該得到多少加薪呢？
Q：我的工作報(bào)告是最好的證明，看看我做的成績(jī)吧。
例句4（感謝你的老板）
Q：謝謝您為我花時(shí)間。
Q：很感激您為我花的時(shí)間。
�、�.對(duì)話篇
Molly : Pardon me, Sir, have you seen my latest report?
莫莉：對(duì)不起先生，您看了我最近的報(bào)告了嗎？
Gordon: Of course I have read it. A great piece of work.
戈登：當(dāng)然，做得很好。
Molly : I would like to make an appointment to talk with you, sir.
莫莉：我想跟您約個(gè)時(shí)間談?wù)�，先生�?/p>
Gordon: Sure. I am free now, does that fit your schedule?
戈登：可以，我現(xiàn)在有時(shí)間，您有空嗎？
Molly : Sure, you are the busy one.
莫莉：當(dāng)然，您比我忙多了。
Gordon: Have a seat, Miss. Now, what can I help you with?
戈登：請(qǐng)坐，小姐，有什么需要幫忙的`嗎？
Molly : I would like to talk about me getting a raise.
莫莉：我想談?wù)劶有降膯?wèn)題。
Gordon: I see, you have been here for one year, that is long enough. Have you been a productive worker?
戈登：我明白，你在這工作已經(jīng)一年了，該加薪了。你工作效率高嗎？
Molly : Here, my work record speaks for itself, look at all my achievements.
莫莉：這里，我的工作報(bào)告是最好的證明，看看我做的成績(jī)吧。
Gordon: I see. You have giving me something to think about.
戈登：我知道了。我需要考慮一下。
Molly : Seeing my motivation and experience, what kind of raise can I expect?
莫莉：就我的積極性和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，我應(yīng)該得到多少加薪呢？
Gordon: Please wait until I make my final discussion. However, I think you are a shoe-in for a raise.
戈登：請(qǐng)等我做出最后決定。不管怎樣，我認(rèn)為你得到加薪是確定的。
Molly : Thanks for your time, sir.
莫莉：謝謝您的時(shí)間，先生。
Gordon: It was my pleasure.
戈登：不用謝。
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)活學(xué)活用 辦公設(shè)備（1）
�、�.核心學(xué)習(xí)：辦公設(shè)備常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題
Billy: What’s going down?
比利：怎么了？
Michael: I have a problem.
邁克爾：我碰到了一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
Billy: What’s that?
比利：什么問(wèn)題？
Michael: I just bought a computer.
邁克爾：我剛買了一臺(tái)電腦。
Billy: That’s great.
比利：好事啊。
Michael: But it keeps crashing.
邁克爾：可它老死機(jī)。
Billy: Have you had it checked out?
比利：你找人檢查過(guò)了嗎？
Michael: Yes, I think it might have a bug in one of its programs.
邁克爾：找了，我想可能其中一個(gè)軟件有問(wèn)題。
Billy: You should call the company service number.
比利：你應(yīng)該給那家電腦公司服務(wù)部打電話，讓他們來(lái)看看。
Michael: That’s what I will do. Maybe they can send some repairmen over to fix my machine.
邁克爾：我正打算這么做。也許他們會(huì)派維修人員來(lái)把我的機(jī)器修好。
Billy: But this cloud does have a silver lining, now you have more time to spend with me.
比利：這種情況也有好的一面，現(xiàn)在你可以有更多的時(shí)間來(lái)陪我了。
Michael: You’re right. Let’s go out for some coffee.
邁克爾：你說(shuō)得對(duì)。我們?nèi)ズ瓤Х劝伞?/p>
�、�.單詞簡(jiǎn)析
1) Bug : a problem in the program.
臭蟲(chóng)，電腦程序中的問(wèn)題
ex:Windows software often has many bugs and is, therefore, annoying to use.
Windows （微軟視窗）軟件總是有許多問(wèn)題，所以用起來(lái)很頭疼。
2) To let someone go : a polite way of saying, "You’re fired."
辭去某人的比較禮貌委婉的說(shuō)法
ex:After Bob messed up the presentation, the company decided to let him go.
鮑勃把報(bào)告作得一團(tuán)糟后，公司決定讓他辭職。
3) Every cloud has a silver lining : there is a good side in every situation
每種狀況都有其好的一面
ex:Bob’s cloud has a silver lining. After being fired, he has more time to spend with his kids.
鮑勃的情況也有好的一面。失業(yè)后他有了更多的時(shí)間與孩子們呆在一起。
4) Down : not working
不工作了，壞了
ex:The copy machine is down and I can’t make any copies.
復(fù)印機(jī)壞了，我無(wú)法復(fù)印了。
5) Back on my feet : recover, get better
恢復(fù)
ex:Bob is already back on his feet, even though his wife had just left him just last month.
鮑勃已經(jīng)恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)了，盡管妻子上個(gè)月剛剛離開(kāi)了他。
6) Virus : a disease
病毒
ex:A computer virus attacked my hard drive.
電腦病毒襲擊了我的硬盤(pán)。
�、�.課文篇
Common Problems with Office Equipment
辦公設(shè)備常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題
Offices have two major pieces of equipment, computers and copy machines. Computers are probably the most useful; they can make work much easier. Without computers things would be much harder to do (and I wouldn’t have a job.)
辦公室設(shè)備常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題辦公室一般都有兩種主要的設(shè)備：電腦和復(fù)印機(jī)。電腦可能是最有用的。它們可以使工作變得更簡(jiǎn)單。沒(méi)有電腦，事情會(huì)變得很困難。（而我也會(huì)失業(yè)）
1) One of the biggest and most common problems with computers is when they crash. When this happens, you often lose whatever you are working on. This can be a big problem. (Also, if your computer crashes, that mean you can’t read our newsletter
1) 對(duì)于電腦來(lái)說(shuō)，最常見(jiàn)和最大的問(wèn)題是電腦死機(jī)問(wèn)題。電腦死機(jī)時(shí)，你經(jīng)常會(huì)丟失正在做的文件。這可真是個(gè)大問(wèn)題。（這也意味著如果你的電腦死機(jī)了，你就無(wú)法讀到我們的英語(yǔ)雜志了。）
2) Another problem is when the program you are using has a bug. This is also a very common problem. Many programs have bugs in them; one example is Windows. When a program has a bug, it stops working for no reason at all. You also usually lose all of your work when this happens.
2) 電腦的另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題是你所使用的程序有問(wèn)題，這也是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題。當(dāng)程序有問(wèn)題時(shí)，電腦會(huì)在沒(méi)有任何原因的情況下突然停止工作。發(fā)生這種情況時(shí)，你通常也會(huì)丟掉正在處理的東西。.)
3) Copiers are much simpler machines. They usually don’t have any problems besides running out of paper. But sometimes they go down and you have to call a repairman to fix them.
3) 復(fù)印機(jī)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單一些。除了缺紙外一般不會(huì)有什么別的問(wèn)題。但有時(shí)復(fù)印機(jī)也會(huì)出問(wèn)題。這時(shí)你就得請(qǐng)維修人員來(lái)修理。
�、�.對(duì)話篇
Gordon: How is the job going?
戈登：工作進(jìn)展如何？
Molly: It’s not.
莫莉：不好。
Gordon: What do you mean? What happened?
戈登：什么意思？怎么啦？
Molly: Everything went wrong the other day. My computer had a bug and it crashed. I lost everything.
莫莉：那天所有的事都不順。我的電腦程序里出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題，電腦死機(jī)了，我的東西全丟了。
Gordon: That’s horrible.
戈登：太糟糕了。
Molly: But, that’s not the end of it. I went to make some copies and the copy machine was down, too. So, I couldn’t make my presentation.
莫莉：但是，麻煩事還沒(méi)完呢，等我想去復(fù)印的時(shí)候，復(fù)印機(jī)也壞了。所以我沒(méi)法做我的報(bào)告了。
Gordon: Wow, it looks like your cloud doesn’t have a silver lining.
戈登：哇，看來(lái)，你可沒(méi)有塞翁的好運(yùn)氣。
Molly: It got even worse. The boss said he had to let me go since I did such a bad job.
莫莉：更糟糕的事情還在后面呢，老板說(shuō)要解雇我，就因?yàn)槲夜ぷ鞅憩F(xiàn)這么糟。
Gordon: I feel bad for you.
戈登：我真為你感到難過(guò)。
Molly: That’s ok. I will be back on my feet in a few days and have an even better job.
莫莉：沒(méi)事，過(guò)兩天我會(huì)好起來(lái)的，我會(huì)找到一份比現(xiàn)在還好的工作。
Gordon: That’s the way to keep yourself going.
戈登：這正是你做事的方式。
Molly: You know me. I’m an eternal optimist.
莫莉：你了解我，我是一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)樂(lè)觀的人。
2016年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文萬(wàn)能句式（三）
表示結(jié)尾的常用句子格式
1：In short, it can be said that……(總之，他的意思是……)
2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(從上面提到的，我們可以得出結(jié)論……)
3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的這些因素加以考慮，我們自然可以得出結(jié)論……)
4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此，我們最好的出這樣的結(jié)論……)
5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，跳槽有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn))
6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(總之，我們沒(méi)有……無(wú)法生活，但同時(shí)我們必須尋求新的解決辦法來(lái)面對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的新問(wèn)題)
提出建議的常用句子格式
1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(該是我們停止這一趨勢(shì)的時(shí)候了)
2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，對(duì)……問(wèn)題應(yīng)予以足夠重視)
3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(顯然，如果我們想要做么事，很重要的是……)
4：Only in this way can we ……(只有這樣，我們才能……)
5：Spare no effort to + V (不遺余力的)
預(yù)示后果的常用句子格式
1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明顯，如果我們不能控制這一問(wèn)題，很有可能我們會(huì)陷入危險(xiǎn))
2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，除非我們采取有效措施，否則我們很可能會(huì)……)
3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很緊迫的是應(yīng)立即采取措施阻止這一事態(tài)的發(fā)展)
機(jī)械英漢雙語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí) 280
town gas 煤氣
town house 獨(dú)立洋房；別墅式房屋
town lot 市地段
town lot land register 市地段土地登記冊(cè)
town park 市鎮(zhèn)公園
town plan 規(guī)劃圖則
town planner 城市規(guī)劃師
town planning 城市規(guī)劃
Town Planning Division [Lands Department] 城市規(guī)劃部〔地政總署〕
town planning layout 城市規(guī)劃詳細(xì)藍(lán)圖
townscape 市景
Tracer 描摹員
tracing 描摹圖；摹繪圖
track spike 道釘
tracked excavator 履帶式挖土機(jī)
tractor 牽引機(jī)；拖拉機(jī)
trade deviation 商戶偏離指定行業(yè)；經(jīng)營(yíng)非指定的行業(yè)
trade effluent 工商業(yè)污水；工業(yè)廢水
trade mix 行業(yè)組合
traffic architecture 交通建筑學(xué)
學(xué)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)必背詞匯寶典（27）
521、Marginal propensity to save（MPS）邊際儲(chǔ)蓄傾向
所追加的一美元可支配收入中用于儲(chǔ)蓄的部分。注意，根據(jù)定義，MPC＋MPS＝1。
522、Marginal revenue（MR）邊際收益
企業(yè)出售額外一單位產(chǎn)品所能得到的收益的增量。在完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下，邊際收益等于價(jià)格。在不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下，邊際收益低于價(jià)格。原因是：為銷售所追加的這一單位產(chǎn)品，所有在此單位以前出售的產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格都必須有所降低。
523、Marginal revenue product（of an input）, （MRP）（一種投入的）邊際收益產(chǎn)品
等于邊際收益乘以邊際產(chǎn)品。如果廠商追加一單位投人進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)并出售產(chǎn)品而得到一個(gè)額外收人，那么這個(gè)額外收人就是邊際收益產(chǎn)品。
524、Marginal tax rate 邊際稅率
就所得稅而言，收人的最后一美元中用作稅收的百分比。在累進(jìn)稅制中，邊際稅率高于平均稅率。
525、Marginal utility（MU）邊際效用
在假定其他商品的消費(fèi)量保持不變的條件下，消費(fèi)額外一單位追加商品時(shí)所帶來(lái)的追加的或額外的滿足。
526、Market 市場(chǎng)
賣者和買者相互作用以決定商品價(jià)格和交易數(shù)量的一種安排。有些市場(chǎng)（如股票市場(chǎng)和跳蚤市場(chǎng)）有實(shí)在的空間場(chǎng)所；而另一些市場(chǎng)則是由電話或計(jì)算機(jī)連接起來(lái)的。現(xiàn)在，還有一種市場(chǎng)是在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上展開(kāi)的。
527、Market economy 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)
在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中，"什么、如何和為誰(shuí)"等有關(guān)資源配置的問(wèn)題，主要通過(guò)市場(chǎng)的供給和需求來(lái)決定。在市場(chǎng)這種經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式中，企業(yè)受利潤(rùn)最大化意愿的驅(qū)動(dòng)，購(gòu)買原材料。進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)并銷售產(chǎn)品；而居民戶則擁有要素收人，他們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)中決定對(duì)商品的需求。最后，企業(yè)的供給和居民戶的需求二者相互作用，共同決定商品的價(jià)格和數(shù)量。
528、Market equilibrium 市場(chǎng)均衡
等同于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)均衡（Competitive equilibrium）
529、Market failure 市場(chǎng)不靈
指價(jià)格體系的不完備性，它阻礙資源的有效配置。主要表現(xiàn)為外部性和不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
530、Market power 市場(chǎng)權(quán)力
一個(gè)或一組企業(yè)對(duì)某一行業(yè)價(jià)格和生產(chǎn)決策的控制程度。在壟斷情形下，企業(yè)有高度的市場(chǎng)權(quán)力。而在完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行業(yè)中的企業(yè)則沒(méi)有市場(chǎng)權(quán)力。集中率是使用得最廣泛的市場(chǎng)權(quán)力的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
531、Market share 市場(chǎng)份額
一個(gè)或一組企業(yè)在該行業(yè)產(chǎn)出量中所占的比例。
532、Markup pricing 加成定價(jià)制
許多企業(yè)在不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下所用的定價(jià)方法。根據(jù)這一定價(jià)方法，他們先估計(jì)平均成本，然后在成本上再加一個(gè)固定的百分比，以體現(xiàn)他們所要索取的價(jià)格。
533、Marxism 馬克思主義
由卡爾?馬克思在19世紀(jì)提出的一系列社會(huì)、政治及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說(shuō)。作為經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，馬克思預(yù)言，由于資本主義的內(nèi)在矛盾，特別是由于其剝奪工人階級(jí)的傾向，資本主義制度勢(shì)必發(fā)生崩潰。馬克思主義確信：資本主義制度下，工人必不可免地遭受壓迫的依據(jù)是"工資鐵律"，該定律認(rèn)為工資一直會(huì)下降到只能維持勞動(dòng)力生存的水平。
534、Mean 均值
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，與"平均"（average）意義相同。例如：l、3、6，10、20這5個(gè)數(shù)字的均值是8。
535、Median 中位數(shù)
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，特指在一列由低到高依次排列或分級(jí)的數(shù)字中那個(gè)恰好處在中間的數(shù)字（例如在收人和考分的序列中）。例如，在1、3、6、10、20這5個(gè)數(shù)字的中位數(shù)是6。
536、Mercantilism 重商主義
一種政治學(xué)說(shuō)，強(qiáng)調(diào)保持國(guó)際收支盈余以積累黃金的重要性。并由此提倡政府嚴(yán)密控制經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，認(rèn)為自由放任的政策可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致黃金的流失。
537、Merchandise trade balance 商品貿(mào)易余額
參見(jiàn)貿(mào)易余額（trade balance）
538、Merger 兼并
一個(gè)公司收購(gòu)另一個(gè)公司的行為，通常以一個(gè)企業(yè)收購(gòu)另一企業(yè)股票的形式發(fā)生。主要形式包括：（1）縱向兼并，發(fā)生在兩個(gè)企業(yè)處在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的不同階段的時(shí)候（如鐵礦和鋼錠）；（2）橫向兼并，發(fā)生在兩個(gè)企業(yè)處在同一個(gè)市場(chǎng)中的情況下（如兩個(gè)汽車制造商）；（3）混合兼并，發(fā)生在兩個(gè)企業(yè)在兩個(gè)沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)的市場(chǎng)中各自經(jīng)營(yíng)的場(chǎng)合（如鞋帶制造業(yè)和煉油業(yè)）。
539、Microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)中各單個(gè)因素行為的分析：如研究某單個(gè)的商品的價(jià)格或單個(gè)消費(fèi)者或單個(gè)企業(yè)的行為。（參見(jiàn)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，macroeconomics）
540、Minimum cost 最低成本
參見(jiàn)成本最低（cost，minimum）。
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