商務(wù)英語5大邏輯怪圈
商務(wù)交談中，邏輯是非常重要的，那你知道有哪些邏輯怪圈會(huì)讓你栽跟頭么?
1. Hasty Generalization
1.草率結(jié)論
A hasty generalization is a conclusion that is based on few examples. Here are a few that have been used in research papers:
草率結(jié)論是指例證不足就下的結(jié)論。下面是一則研究報(bào)告中出現(xiàn)的草率結(jié)論：
Elderly people are bad drivers.
老年人駕車技術(shù)都不好。
Be careful not to draw conclusions in your own research after you've seen a few individual pieces of evidence.
要注意在自己的研究過程中不要僅僅依靠個(gè)別例子就草率下結(jié)論。
(tip：要避免這種錯(cuò)誤，可以加一個(gè)程度副詞，比如mosly等等。上句話可改為：Elderly people are mostly bad drivers.)
2. Slippery Slope
2. 滑坡謬誤
The slippery slope fallacy occurs when we get carried away and start making claims that one event will lead to another--when those claims are not necessarily accurate. Here is a conclusion that doesn't add up:
滑坡謬誤指我們開始洋洋灑灑地寫作，一個(gè)斷言推出另一個(gè)斷言，但這些斷言并非十分準(zhǔn)確。下面就是一個(gè)不合理的結(jié)論：
If we let students use their cell phone calculators during tests, they'll start cheating by using other apps to find the answers. Then no one will ever learn anything. Everyone will fail.
如果我們讓學(xué)生在考試中使用手機(jī)上的計(jì)算器，他們就會(huì)用其他的手機(jī)應(yīng)用找答案作弊。那么沒有人能真正學(xué)到知識(shí)，所有人都會(huì)不及格。
3. Straw Man Fallacy
3. 稻草人理論
It is very frustrating to have your thoughts summed up and attacked. It’s especially maddening when someone misunderstands your beliefs, describes them all wrong, and then attacks your position! This distortion of a belief is called a straw man tactic. Here is an example of the straw man tactic in reaction to the proposal to require school uniforms:
令人抓狂的是有人錯(cuò)誤總結(jié)了你的觀點(diǎn)來攻擊你的言論，更令人抓狂的是竟然有人誤解你的意思，歪曲你的想法來攻擊你!這種扭曲觀點(diǎn)做法就被稱為稻草人理論。下面這個(gè)例子是針對(duì)學(xué)校要求統(tǒng)一服裝的回應(yīng)。
Our school board wants us to start wearing uniforms, so they want us all to give up our individuality. They expect us to become a mindless throng of obedient children who are not able to express their individuality in any way.
學(xué)校董事會(huì)希望我們穿校服，這樣我們就會(huì)放棄自己的個(gè)性。他們希望我們成為一群唯唯諾諾的孩子，不能自由地表達(dá)自己的個(gè)性。
Obviously, this would not be the desire of any member of a school board, and it is certainly a view that can be opposed by any feeling human. It is a false and unfair representation of the school board’s intentions.
很顯然，這不是任何一位董事的想法，這個(gè)理論也顯然可以被任何一個(gè)有思想的人駁倒。這樣解釋董事會(huì)的意圖是錯(cuò)誤的`，也是不公平的。
4. The Bandwagon Fallacy
4. 從眾思想
There is a certain sense of security we feel by being a part of a group. If you've ever agreed with a stance because it is the popular one, you have been taken in by the bandwagon effect!
與一群人想法一致顯然會(huì)給人一種安全感。但如果你同意某種立場(chǎng)僅僅是因?yàn)樗蝗藗兤毡榻邮�，那么你就受了從眾思想這種邏輯謬誤的影響。
The most prestigious schools use school uniforms, so we should adopt that policy, as well.
最有名氣的學(xué)校都有校服，所以我們也應(yīng)采取這種做法。
5. Red Herring
5. 轉(zhuǎn)移視聽
A red herring is a tactic used to change the subject when we feel we're in hot water. You may recognize the red herring as a tactic you've used on your own parents.
轉(zhuǎn)移視聽是我們感到自己深陷麻煩使用于轉(zhuǎn)移話題的一個(gè)方式。你可能會(huì)承認(rèn)對(duì)父母用過這一招。
"You are late. Your curfew was thirty minutes ago."
“你遲了，半個(gè)小時(shí)前可就該到家了。”
"I know, but there was big fire in a factory across town. It's lucky that nobody was hurt."
“我知道，但是市區(qū)那端的工廠著大火了。沒有人傷亡真是不幸中的萬幸。”
In the exchange above, the teen is trying to distract the parent from the issue at hand by diverting his or her attention. This tactic of changing the subject is common in a debate scenario, when one presenter feels trapped or challenged. It can be an easy but costly maneuver.
上面這段對(duì)話中，孩子試圖把父母的注意力從手邊的事上轉(zhuǎn)移開。這種轉(zhuǎn)移主題的策略常用于辯論賽，當(dāng)一方覺得陷入麻煩，或被質(zhì)疑，這種方式雖然有代價(jià)卻簡(jiǎn)單易行。
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