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構建中國社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法制的進路探討論文
摘要
社區(qū)環(huán)境治理,是環(huán)境保護的新形式、環(huán)境公眾參與的新思路和新方法。它是指社區(qū)居民、社區(qū)自治組織、政府、社會組織和企業(yè)等廣泛主體通過協(xié)商與合作等形式共同參與對社區(qū)及公共環(huán)境事務的管理。通過社區(qū)環(huán)境治理,能夠有效地保障憲法和法律中確立的居民自治權,以及公民的環(huán)境參與權、知情權和監(jiān)督權,實現環(huán)境保護目標和社區(qū)建設目標的雙贏。而社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度,則是為實現這一模式的法治化而建立的一整套相互配合、相互關聯的法律規(guī)則。為準確理解社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度,首先需要準確把握幾個相關概念。一是社區(qū)。社區(qū)原是社會學概念,而在現行法中社區(qū)主要分為城市社區(qū)與農村社區(qū)。城市社區(qū),是指經過調整的城市居民委員會轄區(qū)。而農村社區(qū),一般是指與農村村民委員會轄區(qū)相一致的行政村。而作為本文研究對象的社區(qū),則通過對現行法的概括與抽象,將城市與農村社區(qū)概念統(tǒng)一起來,這樣的視角有助于對社區(qū)環(huán)境治理進行總體研究。二是治理。治理是指多元主體廣泛參與公共事務管理的形式,特別是善治,普遍成為當代政府治理現代化改革的目標。三是社區(qū)環(huán)境治理。社區(qū)環(huán)境治理是環(huán)境治理在社區(qū)層面上的實踐,強調了社區(qū)在其他相關主體的共同參與下,自主地對社區(qū)環(huán)境事務的治理。
對于法律這門講求“理由先于結論”的學科而言,任何法律制度在進行構建前均需要理論證成,說明其構建的正當性和理由。而社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度,有著深刻的理論正當性和現實需求:社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度體現著法的價值中自由、正義、秩序和效率的價值追求,是其理論正當性的來源;城鄉(xiāng)人居環(huán)境問題嚴峻、傳統(tǒng)政府管制模式失靈、環(huán)境公眾參與狀況不佳和社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度供給不足,則是其現實需求所在。
構建我國的社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度,首先需要明確其基本模式和指導原則?偨Y社區(qū)治理的國際經驗,主要有三種模式,分別是社區(qū)自治型、政府主導型和政府與社區(qū)結合型。通過分析比較其中優(yōu)劣,并結合我國的實際,政府與社區(qū)結合型應當成為我國的選擇。而構建我國社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的指導原則主要有:統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃原則、社區(qū)自主原則、政府指導原則、公眾參與原則和硬法與軟法結合原則。
具體而言,社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的構建策略應當是從參與治理的各個主體在治理中的角色出發(fā),分別進行相應的制度設計。首先,政府是社區(qū)環(huán)境治理的支持者,應主要從各方面為社區(qū)環(huán)境治理提供支持,如提供制度支持、財政支持、人力和智力支持等。其次,社區(qū)自治組織是社區(qū)環(huán)境治理中的核心角色,因此首要的任務是完善社區(qū)自治組織建設。同時,許多制度都有賴于社區(qū)自治組織的運作,比如制定社區(qū)環(huán)境公約、設立專門的社區(qū)環(huán)境委員會、探索建立社區(qū)環(huán)境圓桌會議制度和推動建設社區(qū)環(huán)境宣傳教育制度等。再次,社區(qū)居民是社區(qū)環(huán)境治理的主要行動者,因此可以從居民在社區(qū)環(huán)境治理中享有的權利和承擔的義務角度進行分析。居民在社區(qū)環(huán)境治理中,主要享有知情權、參與權、決策權和監(jiān)督權。而居民主要的義務則體現為不破壞環(huán)境的義務、生活垃圾處理的義務、低碳節(jié)儉的義務和參與環(huán)境治理的積極義務。復次,社會組織和其他社會力量是幫助社區(qū)環(huán)境治理實現的重要推力,為此,應當積極培育社區(qū)內的社會組織,并形成社區(qū)內外組織間的聯動機制,幫助社區(qū)提升環(huán)境治理的能力。最后,社區(qū)是企業(yè)的利益相關者,因此企業(yè)應履行對社區(qū)的環(huán)境責任。企業(yè)對社區(qū)最基本的環(huán)境責任是進行環(huán)境信息公開。而除此之外,也要求企業(yè)積極地參與社區(qū)環(huán)境治理。最后,上述構建策略應當通過法制化路徑落實到相應的法律文本中,以使之穩(wěn)定化、制度化。
關鍵詞:環(huán)境治理,社區(qū)治理,環(huán)境公眾參與,法律制度建設
ABSTRACT
Community-based environmental governance is the new method ofenvironmental protection and the new access of public participation as well.
It means that residents, community, government, NGOs, enterprises worktogether by negotiating and collaborating to manage the publicenvironmental affairs in the community. By doing this, the autonomousright of residents provided in the Constitution and laws, and the right toparticipate in environmental affairs, the right to know and the right tosupervise will be fully achieved. The legal system of community-basedenvironmental governance is the combination of a series of rules makingsure the governance functions well and under the rule of law. Tounderstand this concept, some related concepts need to be explained. Firstone is “community”. The idea of community is originated from sociology,in the current law of China it means the prefecture of residents' committeein urban areas and the prefecture of villagers' committee in rural areas. Butin the text community is a united concept combined both urban areas andrural areas which would help the research. Another one is “governance”.
Governance means all the forces in society working together in solvingpublic affairs. Governance, especially good governance, is becoming thegoal of modernization reform for governments. The idea of governance hasspread widely in all the categories of public affairs such as environmentalgovernance and community governance. Community-based environmentalgovernance is the intersection of environmental governance andcommunity governance, which emphasize the autonomy of the communityand the public participation in dealing with the environmental affairs ofcommunity.
The legal system of community-based environmental governance hasboth the theoretical legitimacy and practical demands. For the theoreticalreason, the legal system of community-based environmental governanceindicates the four basic values of law, these are: liberty, justice, order andlaw. For the practical reason, there are four problems in China that calls forcommunity-based environmental governance, these are: the environmentalproblems in both urban and rural areas are becoming serious; Using“command and control” strategy by the government alone to solveenvironmental problems is proved to be failure; Public participation inenvironmental protection needs to improve; and the scarcity of rules forcommunity-based environmental governance to follow while the Partypolicy is promoting this idea.
To build a robust legal system, first we have to choose a suitable legalmode and certain general principles to follow. Worldwide speaking, thereare three typical modes for successful community governance: thecommunity independent mode, government guiding mode andgovernment-community collaborating mode. After comparison the pros andcons in these three modes and taking Chinese case into account, it is wiseto choose government-community collaborating mode. As for the generalprinciples, these are: overall planning, community independence,government guidance, public participation and the combination of “softlaw” and “hard law”.
The last but not least is the specific suggestions for how to build sucha legal system. Since governance means all the stakeholders workingtogether, this legal system must be a comprehensive one that making eachstakeholder plays their role to the full. First, for government, it should playsupporting role by making regulations and laws, providing financial andman-powered support. Second, for the autonomous organization ofcommunity which represents the community, the first task is to help itbecome more representative and effective, and some other institutions likedrafting bylaws on environmental protection in community, establishingthe environmental committee in community, holding the public roundtablemeetings and hearings, and promoting environmental education incommunity. Thirdly, as to the residents in community, it's important to setthe rights and duties. The residents have the right to know, the right toparticipate, the right to supervise and the right to claim in the process ofenvironmental governance in community. They also have duties, these are:not to pollute the environment, handle garbage properly, live in alow-carbon and environmental friendly way, and to participate in theenvironmental governance in community. Fourthly, organizations playsimportant role in environmental governance. Laws shall be made to nurturethe community-based organizations and build cooperative mechanismbetween NGOs, volunteers and community organizations. Finally, for theenterprises in community, they must take social responsibilities to thecommunity like environmental information disclosure and participation inthe environmental governance.Above all, legislation must play a supportiveand active role in making these suggestions effective.
KEY WORDS:Environmental Governance, Community Governance,Environmental Public Participation, Legal System Construction.
目錄
引言
一、選題背景與意義
二、研究現狀
三、主要研究內容
四、研究方法
。ㄒ唬┪墨I研究法
(二)比較研究法
五、主要創(chuàng)新
第一章社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的基本范疇
一、社區(qū)
。ㄒ唬┥鐣䦟W中社區(qū)的概念
。ǘ┈F行法中社區(qū)的概念
(三)本文中社區(qū)的概念
二、社區(qū)環(huán)境治理
。ㄒ唬┲卫淼母拍
。ǘ┉h(huán)境治理與社區(qū)治理
。ㄈ┥鐓^(qū)環(huán)境治理的概念
三、社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度
(一)社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的法律基礎
。ǘ┥鐓^(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的主體
(三)社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的客體
第二章社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的理論證成
一、社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的正當性分析
。ㄒ唬┳杂蓛r值分析
。ǘ┱x價值分析
(三)秩序價值分析
。ㄋ模┬蕛r值分析
二、社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的現實需求
(一)城鄉(xiāng)人居環(huán)境問題嚴峻
。ǘ﹤鹘y(tǒng)政府管制模式失靈
(三)環(huán)境公眾參與狀況不佳
。ㄋ模┥鐓^(qū)環(huán)境治理法律不足
第三章構建我國社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的模式與原則
一、構建我國社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的模式選擇
。ㄒ唬┥鐓^(qū)自治模式
。ǘ┱鲗J
。ㄈ┱c社區(qū)自治結合模式
。ㄋ模┬〗Y:我國的模式選擇
二、構建我國社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的指導原則
。ㄒ唬┙y(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃原則
。ǘ┥鐓^(qū)自主原則
。ㄈ┱龑г瓌t
。ㄋ模┕妳⑴c原則
。ㄎ澹┯卜ㄜ浄ㄏ嘟Y合原則
第四章構建我國社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度的策略建議
一、政府:提供支持
。ㄒ唬┲贫戎С
(二)財政支持
。ㄈ┤肆椭橇χС
二、社區(qū)自治組織:核心角色
。ㄒ唬┩晟粕鐓^(qū)自治組織建設
(二)制定社區(qū)環(huán)境公約
。ㄈ┙⑸鐓^(qū)環(huán)境委員會
(四)探索社區(qū)環(huán)境圓桌會議制度
。ㄎ澹┩苿由鐓^(qū)環(huán)境宣傳教育
三、社區(qū)居民:主要行動者
。ㄒ唬┥鐓^(qū)居民享有的權利
。ǘ┥鐓^(qū)居民承擔的義務
四、社會組織:內外聯動
。ㄒ唬┡嘤鐓^(qū)內組織發(fā)展
。ǘ┙⑸鐓^(qū)內外組織間的聯動機制
五、企業(yè):履行環(huán)境責任
。ㄒ唬┫蛏鐓^(qū)履行環(huán)境信息公開的義務
(二)參與社區(qū)環(huán)境治理的義務
六、社區(qū)環(huán)境治理法律制度立法建議
結論
參考文獻
后記
致謝
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